تعداد نشریات | 161 |
تعداد شمارهها | 6,532 |
تعداد مقالات | 70,501 |
تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 124,099,367 |
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 97,206,874 |
تحویل و واقعگرایی ساختاری وجودی | ||
فلسفه | ||
مقاله 10، دوره 18، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 35، اسفند 1399، صفحه 197-219 اصل مقاله (406 K) | ||
نوع مقاله: علمی -پژوهشی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jop.2021.313014.1006564 | ||
نویسنده | ||
سعید معصومی* | ||
استادیار پژوهشکده مطالعات بنیادین علم و فناوری دانشگاه شهید بهشتی | ||
چکیده | ||
تحویل علمی یکی از مسائل مهم فلسفة علم است که به دیگر مسائل آن، از جمله به واقعگرایی علمی مربوط میشود. در این مقاله با اتخاذ موضعی مشخص دربارة «مفهوم تحویل» و «رویکرد به تحویل» که آن را رویکرد «ساختاری-پیشینی در زمان مشخص» نامیدهایم، به بررسی برقراری روابط حدی و روابط ساختاری میان دو نظریه میپردازیم. همچنین با فرض واقعگرایی ساختاریِ وجودی، بیان صریح جنبة معناشناختی مسئلة تحویل و فرض برقراری جنبة معرفتشناختی آن، به دو اشکال که به رویکرد ساختارگرایانه وارد شده است، پاسخ میدهیم؛ این دو اشکال، یکی اشکال ناشی از قضیة شفنر است و دیگری، اشکال هستیشناختی نامیده شده است. همچنین نشان میدهیم هیچیک از اشکالات به رویکرد ساختاری-پیشینی در زمان مشخص وارد نیست. همینطور استدلال میکنیم که ادعای قضیة شفنر به رویکرد ساختارگرایانه، به معنای عام هم وارد نیست، و اشکال هستیشناختی هم تنها به بهای هزینة گزاف فرضهای متافیزیکی نهچندان مقبول وارد میشود؛ یعنی تنها بر اساس فرضهای متافیزیکیای چون جوهر، اینبودن، ویژگی ذاتی، خودبودگی یا چیزهایی شبیه به اینها، که بر اساس آنها بتوان بین امور تمایز برقرار کرد، میتوان اشکال را وارد دانست؛ فرضهایی که هزینة قبول آنها بیش از قبول رویکرد ساختارگرایانه است. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
تحویل علمی؛ واقعگرایی ساختاری؛ رویکرد معناشناختی؛ قضیة شفنر؛ مفهوم و رویکرد به تحویل؛ اشکال هستیشناختی | ||
عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
Reduction and Ontic Structural Realism | ||
نویسندگان [English] | ||
Saeed Masoumi | ||
Assistant Professor in Research Institute for Basic Studies of Science and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University | ||
چکیده [English] | ||
Scientific reduction is one of the most important issues in philosophy of science, which is related to other ones, including scientific realism. In this paper, by taking a clear position on the "concept of reduction" and the "approach to reduction," which we have called "the structural-a priori approach at a specific time," we examine whether or not the limit relations and structural relationships between the two theories hold. Also, by assuming ontic structural realism, explicitly stating the semantic aspect of the reduction, and assuming establishing its epistemological aspect, we respond to the two objections raised against the structuralist approach. These two objections are one resulting from Schaffner's theorem and the other from the ontological considerations. We show that none of them are related to "the structural-a priori approach at a specific time." We also argue that Schaffner's theorem does not undermine the structuralist approach in the general sense, and that ontological objection undermines only at the exorbitant cost of less plausible metaphysical hypotheses; That is, objections can be considered only on the basis of metaphysical hypotheses such as substance, thisness, intrinsic property, haecceity (or something like these); Assumptions that cost more to accept than to accept a structuralist approach. | ||
کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
Scientific Reduction, Structural Realism, Semantic Approach, Schaffner Theorem, The Concept of and Approach to Reduction, The Ontological Problem | ||
مراجع | ||
معصومی، سعید (1395)، تلقی واقعگرایانه از مکانیک کوانتومی، فلسفۀ علم، سال ششم، ش2، 129-161. ـــــــــــــ (1396)، فرااستقرای بدبینانه و واقعگرایی ساختاری، فلسفۀ علم، دوره 7، ش14، 133-156. Ainsworth, P.M. (2009), “Newman’s Objection, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science,” 60 (1), 71–135. Batterman, R. (2016), “Intertheory Relations in Physics,” https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physics-interrelate. Beni, M. D. (2018), “Syntactical informational structural realism. Minds and Machines, Springer, Netherlands,” 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-018-9463-8. Beth, E. (1949), “Towards an Up-to-Date Philosophy of the Natural Sciences,” Methodos 1: 178-85. Bokulich, A. and Bokulich, P. (2020), “Bohr’s Correspondence Principle,” https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bohr-correspondence. Boyd, R., Gasper, P. & Trout, J.D. (1991), The Philosophy of Science, A Bradford, The MIT Press. Carnap, R. (1934), The Unity of Science, London, Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, and Co. Carroll, S. (2004), Spacetime and Geometry: An Introduction to General Relativity, Chicago, University of Chicago. Chakravartty, A. (2017), “Scientific Realism,” https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-realism/. da Costa, C. A. N. and French, S. (2003), Science and Partial Truth: A Unitary Approach to Models and Scientic Reasoning, Oxford, Oxford University Press. Esfeld, M. & Lam, V. (2008), “Moderate Structural Realism about Space-time,” Synthese 160: 27–46. Fletcher, S. C. (2019), “On representational capacities, with an application to general relativity,” Foundations of Physics, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10701-018-0208-6. French, S. (2014), The Structure of the World Metaphysics and Representation, Oxford, Oxford university press. ــــــــــ (2019), Identity and Individuality in Quantum Theory, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-idind. ـــــــــــ & Ladyman, J. (2003), “Remodelling Structural Realism: Quantum Physics and the Metaphysics of Structure,” A Reply to Cao, Synthese 136, 31–56. ـــــــــــ (2011), In Defence of Ontic Structural Realism, in A. Bokulich and P. Bokulich (eds), Scientific Structuralism. Dordrecht, Springer, 25–42. ـــــــــــ & Krause, D. (2006), Identity in Physics Oxford, Oxford University Press. Gamow, G., Ivanenko, D. & Landau, L. (2002), “World constants and limiting transition, Physics of Atomic Nuclei,” 65(7): 1373–1375. Glymour, C. (2013), “Theoretical equivalence and the semantic view of theories,” Philosophy of Science, 80 (2), 286–297. Halvorson, H. (2012), “What Scientific Theories Could Not Be, Philosophy of Science,” 79 (2), 183–206. Halvorson, H. (2013), “The Semantic View, if Plausible, is Syntactic,” Philosophy of Science, 80 (3), 475–478. Hartel, J. B. (2003), Gravity: An Introduction to Einstein's General Relativity, New York, Addison Wesley. Hoering, W. (1984), “Anomalies of reduction,” in W. Balzer, D.A. Pearce, & H.J. Schmidt (eds.), Reduction in Science. Structure, Examples, Philosophical Problems, Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 33–50. Hudetz, L. (2017), “The semantic view of theories and higher-order,” Synthese, 196, 1131–1149. Ladyman, J. (1998), “What is Structural Realism?”, Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 29: 409–24. Ladyman, J. (2014), “Structural Realism,” https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/structural-realism. Landry, E. & Rickles, D. (eds) (2012), Structure, Object, and Causality, The Western Ontario Series in Philosophy of Science, Dordrecht, Springer. Laudan, L. (1981), “A Confutation of Convergent Realism, Philosophy of Science,” 48 (1), 19–49. Laudan, L. (1984), “Discussion: Realism Without the Real,” Philosophy of Science, 51, 156–62. Lutz, S. (2014), “What’s right with a syntactic approach to theories andmodels?,” Erkenntnis, 79, 1475–1492. ـــــــــــ (2015), What was the syntax-semantics debate in the philosophy of science about? Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, https://doi.org/10.1111/phpr.12221. Ladyman, J. (2002), Understanding Philosophy of Sciensce, London & New York, Routledge. Jammer, M., (1966), The Conceptual Development of Quantum Mechanics, New York, McGraw Hill Book Co. Krane, K. (2012), Modern Physics, Oregon State University, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., (3rd.). Malament, D. (2012), Topics in the Foundations of General Relativity and Newtonian Gravitation Theory, Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press. Miller, B. (2016), “What is Hacking’s Argument for Entity Realism?,” Synthese, 193(3), 991–1006. doi:10.1007/s11229-015-0789-y. Misner, C. W., Thorne, K. S., & Wheeler, J. A. (1973), Gravitation, San Francisco, Freeman. Moulines, C. U. (1984), “Ontological Reduction in the Natural Sciences,” in W. Balzer, D.A. Pearce, & H.J. Schmidt (eds.), Reduction in Science: Structure, Examples, Philosophical Problems, Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 51–70. Nickles, T. (1973), “Two concepts of intertheoretic reduction,” The Journal of Philosophy, 181–201. Oriti, D. (2018), “The Bronstein hypercube of quantum gravity,” https://arxiv.org/pdf/1803.02577.pdf. Poincare´, H. (1905 [1952]), Science and Hypothesis, New York, Dover. Psillos, S. (1999), Scientific Realism: How Science Tracks Truth, London, Routledge. Putnam, H. (1975), Mathematics, Matter and Method, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Quine, W. V. (1964), “Ontological Reduction and the World of Numbers,” Journal of Philosophy, LXI, 209-16. Rosaler, J. (2019), “Reduction as an a posteriori relation,” The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 70(1): 269-299. Rovelli, C. & Vidotto, F. (2015), Covariant Loop Quantum Gravity An Elementary Introduction to Quantum Gravity and Spinfoam Theory, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Schaffner, K. (1967), “Approaches to Reduction, Philosophy of Science,” 34, 137–147. ــــــــــ (2012), “Ernest Nagel and Reduction”, Journal of Philosophy, CIX: 534–565. Shanka, P. (1994), Principles of Quantum Mechanics, (2nd.), New York, Plenum Press. Straumann, N. (2013), General Relativity, New York London: Springer. Suppe, F. (1974), The Structure of Scientific Theories, Urbana, Ill., University of Illinois Press. Suppe, F. (1989), Scientific Realism and Semantic Conception of Theories, Illinois, University of Illinois Press. Suppes, P. (1957), Introduction to Logic, New York, Van Nostrand. ــــــــــ (2002), Representation and Invarianceof Scientific Structures, Stanford, CSLI Publications. van Fraassen, B. C. (1970), “On the Extension of Beth's Semantics of Theories,” Philosophy of Science, 37: 325–34. ــــــــــ (1989), Laws and Symmetry, Oxford, Oxford University Press. ـــــــــــ (1991), Quantum Mechanics: An Empiricist View, Oxford, Oxford University Press. ـــــــــــ (2014), “One or Two Gentle Remarks about Hans Halvorson’s Critique of the Semantic View,” Philosophy of Science, 81 (2), 276-283. van Riel, R. & Van Gulick, R. (2019), “Scientific Reduction,” https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-reduction. Wald, R. (1984), General Relativity, Chicago, University of Chicago Press. Worrall, J. (1989), “Structural Realism: The Best of Both worlds?,” Dialectica, 43, 99–124. | ||
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 456 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 476 |