Predicting the long-term durability of limestones subjected to freeze–thaw cycles (case study: Guilan province, north of Iran)

Abdelhamid, M.M.A., Li, D., Ren, G., 2020. Predicting Unconfined Compressive Strength Decrease of
Carbonate Building Materials against Frost Attack Using Nondestructive Physical Tests.
Sustainability, 12:1379, 1-18.##
Andriani, G.F., Walsh, N., 2007. Rocky coast geomorphology and erosional processes: a case study
along the Murgia coastline South of Bari, Apulia—SE Italy. Geomorphology, 87: 224-238.##
Andriani, G.F., Germinario, L., 2014. Thermal decay of carbonate dimension stones: fabric, physical
394 Dehban Avan Stakhri et al.
and mechanical changes. Environmental Earth Science, 72: 2523-2539.##
Attewell, P.B., Farmer, I.W., 1976. Principles of engineering geology, Chapman and Hall,
London.1075pp.##
Anon, O.H., 1979. Classification of rocks and soils for engineering geological mapping. Part 1: rock
and soil materials. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 19: 355-371.##
ASTM., 1995. Standard test method for unconfined compressive strength of intact rock core specimens.
ASTM standards on disc 04.08, Designation, D2938.##
ASTM., 1996. Standard test method for laboratory determination of pulse velocities and ultrasonic
elastic constants of rock. Designation, D2845-D2895.##
ASTM., 2001b. Standard method for determination of the point load strength index of rock. ASTM
standards on disc 04.08, Designation, D5731.##
ASTM., 2004. Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Durability of Rock for Erosion Control Under
Freezing and Thawing Conditions. Designation, D5312 - 04.##
ASTM., 2011. Standard Test Method for Base Number Determination by Potentiometric
Hydrochloric Acid Titration, ASTM international, West Conshohocken, PA, 2003,
Standard D4739.##
Al-Omari, A., Beck, K., Brunetaud, X., Török, Á., Al-Mukhtar, M., 2015. Critical degree of saturation:
A control factor of freeze-thaw damage of porous limestones at Castle of Chambord, France.
Engineering Geology, 185: 71-80.##
Bayram, F., 2012. Predicting mechanical strength loss of natural stones after freeze-thaw in cold regions.
Cold Regions Science and Technology, 84: 98-102.##
Bednarik, M., Moshammer, B., Heinrich, M., Holzer, R., Laho, M., Rabeder, J., Uhlir, C.H.,
Unterwurzacher, M., 2014. Engineering geological properties of Leitha Limestone from historical
quarries in Burgenland and Styria, Austria. Engineering Geology, 176: 66-78.##
Beier, N.A., Sego, D.C., 2009. Cyclic freeze-thaw to enhance the stability of coal tailings. Cold Regions
Science and Technology, 55: 278-285.##
Bellanger, M., Homand, F., Remy, J.M., 1993. Water behaviour in limestones as a function of pores
structure: application to frost resistance of some Lorraine limestones, Engineering Geology, 36: 99-
108.##
Bieniawski, Z.T., 1975. The point load test in geotechnical practice, Engineering Geology, 9: 1-11.##
Bortz , S.A., Wonneberger, B., 1997. Laboratory evaluation of building stone weathering. In: Labuz,
J.S., (Ed.), Degradation of Natural Building Stone. Geotechnical Special Publications, 72: 85-104.##
Broch, E., Franklin, J.A., 1972. The point-load strength test. International Journal Rock Mechanic and
Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstract, 9: 669-698.##
Chen, C.H., Yeung, M.R., Mori, N., 2004. Effect of water saturation on deterioration of welded tuff due
to freeze-thaw action. Cold Regions Sciences Technolology, 38: 127-136.##
De Kock, T., Turmel, A., Fronteau, G., Cnudde, V., 2017. Rock fabric heterogeneity and its influence
on the petrophysical properties of a building limestone: Lede stone (Belgium) as an example.
Engineering Geology, 216: 31-41.##
Domenico, S.N., 1984. Rock lithology and porosity determination from shear and compressional wave
velocity. Geophysics, 49: 1188-1195.##
Eslami, J., Walbert, C.H., Beaucour, A., Bourges, A., Noumowe, A., 2018. Influence of physical and
mechanical properties on the durability of limestone subjected to freeze-thaw cycles. Construction
and Building Materials, 162: 420-429.##
Everett, D.H., 1961. The thermodynamics of frost damage to porous solids, Transactions of the Faraday
Society, 57: 1541-1551.##
Fereidooni, D., Khajevand, R., 2017. Correlations Between Slake-Durability Index and Engineering
Properties of Some Travertine Samples Under Wetting Drying Cycles. Journal of Geotechnical
Engineering, 36: 1071-1089.##
Fookes, P.G., Dearman, W.R., Franklin, J.A., 1971, Some engineering aspects of rock weathering with
field examples from Dartmoor and elsewhere. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and
Hydrogeology, 5: 139-185.##
Ghobadi, M.H., Torabi-Kaveh, M., 2014. Assessing the potential for deterioration of limestones forming
Taq-e Bostan monuments under freeze-thaw weathering and karst development. Environmental
Earth Sciences, 72: 5035-5047.Abdelhamid, M.M.A., Li, D., Ren, G., 2020. Predicting Unconfined Compressive Strength Decrease of
Carbonate Building Materials against Frost Attack Using Nondestructive Physical Tests.
Sustainability, 12:1379, 1-18.##
Andriani, G.F., Walsh, N., 2007. Rocky coast geomorphology and erosional processes: a case study
along the Murgia coastline South of Bari, Apulia—SE Italy. Geomorphology, 87: 224-238.##
Andriani, G.F., Germinario, L., 2014. Thermal decay of carbonate dimension stones: fabric, physical
394 Dehban Avan Stakhri et al.
and mechanical changes. Environmental Earth Science, 72: 2523-2539.##
Attewell, P.B., Farmer, I.W., 1976. Principles of engineering geology, Chapman and Hall,
London.1075pp.##
Anon, O.H., 1979. Classification of rocks and soils for engineering geological mapping. Part 1: rock
and soil materials. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 19: 355-371.##
ASTM., 1995. Standard test method for unconfined compressive strength of intact rock core specimens.
ASTM standards on disc 04.08, Designation, D2938.##
ASTM., 1996. Standard test method for laboratory determination of pulse velocities and ultrasonic
elastic constants of rock. Designation, D2845-D2895.##
ASTM., 2001b. Standard method for determination of the point load strength index of rock. ASTM
standards on disc 04.08, Designation, D5731.##
ASTM., 2004. Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Durability of Rock for Erosion Control Under
Freezing and Thawing Conditions. Designation, D5312 - 04.##
ASTM., 2011. Standard Test Method for Base Number Determination by Potentiometric
Hydrochloric Acid Titration, ASTM international, West Conshohocken, PA, 2003,
Standard D4739.##
Al-Omari, A., Beck, K., Brunetaud, X., Török, Á., Al-Mukhtar, M., 2015. Critical degree of saturation:
A control factor of freeze-thaw damage of porous limestones at Castle of Chambord, France.
Engineering Geology, 185: 71-80.##
Bayram, F., 2012. Predicting mechanical strength loss of natural stones after freeze-thaw in cold regions.
Cold Regions Science and Technology, 84: 98-102.##
Bednarik, M., Moshammer, B., Heinrich, M., Holzer, R., Laho, M., Rabeder, J., Uhlir, C.H.,
Unterwurzacher, M., 2014. Engineering geological properties of Leitha Limestone from historical
quarries in Burgenland and Styria, Austria. Engineering Geology, 176: 66-78.##
Beier, N.A., Sego, D.C., 2009. Cyclic freeze-thaw to enhance the stability of coal tailings. Cold Regions
Science and Technology, 55: 278-285.##
Bellanger, M., Homand, F., Remy, J.M., 1993. Water behaviour in limestones as a function of pores
structure: application to frost resistance of some Lorraine limestones, Engineering Geology, 36: 99-
108.##
Bieniawski, Z.T., 1975. The point load test in geotechnical practice, Engineering Geology, 9: 1-11.##
Bortz , S.A., Wonneberger, B., 1997. Laboratory evaluation of building stone weathering. In: Labuz,
J.S., (Ed.), Degradation of Natural Building Stone. Geotechnical Special Publications, 72: 85-104.##
Broch, E., Franklin, J.A., 1972. The point-load strength test. International Journal Rock Mechanic and
Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstract, 9: 669-698.##
Chen, C.H., Yeung, M.R., Mori, N., 2004. Effect of water saturation on deterioration of welded tuff due
to freeze-thaw action. Cold Regions Sciences Technolology, 38: 127-136.##
De Kock, T., Turmel, A., Fronteau, G., Cnudde, V., 2017. Rock fabric heterogeneity and its influence
on the petrophysical properties of a building limestone: Lede stone (Belgium) as an example.
Engineering Geology, 216: 31-41.##
Domenico, S.N., 1984. Rock lithology and porosity determination from shear and compressional wave
velocity. Geophysics, 49: 1188-1195.##
Eslami, J., Walbert, C.H., Beaucour, A., Bourges, A., Noumowe, A., 2018. Influence of physical and
mechanical properties on the durability of limestone subjected to freeze-thaw cycles. Construction
and Building Materials, 162: 420-429.##
Everett, D.H., 1961. The thermodynamics of frost damage to porous solids, Transactions of the Faraday
Society, 57: 1541-1551.##
Fereidooni, D., Khajevand, R., 2017. Correlations Between Slake-Durability Index and Engineering
Properties of Some Travertine Samples Under Wetting Drying Cycles. Journal of Geotechnical
Engineering, 36: 1071-1089.##
Fookes, P.G., Dearman, W.R., Franklin, J.A., 1971, Some engineering aspects of rock weathering with
field examples from Dartmoor and elsewhere. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and
Hydrogeology, 5: 139-185.##
Ghobadi, M.H., Torabi-Kaveh, M., 2014. Assessing the potential for deterioration of limestones forming
Taq-e Bostan monuments under freeze-thaw weathering and karst development. Environmental
Earth Sciences, 72: 5035-5047.##
González, J., Saldaña, M., Arzúa, J., 2019. Analytical Model for Predicting the UCS from P-Wave
Velocity, Density, and Porosity on Saturated Limestone. Applied Sciences, 9(23): 52-65.##
Han, D.H., Nur, A., Morgan, D., 1986. Effects of porosity and clay content on wave velocities in
sandstones. Geophysics, 51: 2093-2107.##
Hashemi, M., Bashiri Goudarzi, M., Jamshidi, A., 2018. Experimental investigation on the performance
of Schmidt hammer test in durability assessment of carbonate building stones against freeze-thaw
weathering. Environmental Earth Sciences, 77(684):1-15.##
Hassanvand, M., Moradi, S., Fattahi, M., Zargar, G.H., 2018. Estimation of rock uniaxial compressive
strength for an Iranian carbonate oil reservoir: Modeling vs. artificial neural network application.
Petroleum Research, 3: 336-345.##
Hori, M., Morihiro, H., 1998. Micromechanical analysis on deterioration due to freezing and thawing
in porous brittle materials. International Journal of Engineering Science, 36: 511-522.##
ISRM., 1981. ISRM suggested methods. In: Brown, E.T., (Ed.), Rock characterization, testing and
monitoring. Pergamon Press, London, 211pp.##
Jamshidi, A., Zamanian, H., Zarei Sahamieh, R., 2018. The effect of density and porosity on the
correlation between uniaxial compressive strength and P-wave velocity. Rock mechanics and Rock
engineering, 51(4): 1279-1286.##
Jamshidi, A., Nikudel, M.R., Khamehchiyan, M., 2016. Evaluation of the durability of Gerdoee
travertine after freeze-thaw cycles in fresh water and sodium sulfate solution. Engineering Geology,
202: 36-43.##
Jamshidi, A., Nikudel, M.R., Khamehchiyan, M., 2015. Estimating the engineering properties of
building stones after freeze-thaw using multiple regression analysis. Iranian Journal of Sciences and
Technology, Transaction A: Science, 39A2: 147-163.##
Jamshidi, A., Nikudel, M.R., Khamehchiyan, M., 2013. Predicting the long-term durability of building
stones against freeze-thaw using a decay function model. Cold Regions Sciences and Technology,
92: 29-36.##
Khanlari, G.R, Heidari, M, Sepahi-Gero, A. A, Fereidooni, D., 2014. Quantification of strength
anisotropy of metamorphic rocks of the Hamedan province, Iran, as determined from cylindrical
punch, point load and Brazilian tests. Engineering Geology, 169: 80-90.##
Koch, A., Siegesmund, S., 2004. The combined effect of moisture and temperature on the anomalous
expansion behaviour of marble. Environmental Geology, 46: 350-363.##
Luque, A., Ruiz-Agudo, E., Cultrone, G., Sebastia´n, E., Siegesmund, S., 2011. Direct observation of
microcrack development in marble caused by thermal weathering. Environmental Earth Sciences,
62: 1375-1386.##
Multuturk, M., Altindag, R., Turk, G., 2004. A decay function model for the integrity loss of rock when
subjected to recurrent cycles of freezing-thawing and heating-cooling, International Journal of Rock
Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 41: 237-244.##
Matsuoka, N., 1990. Mechanisms of rock breakdown by frost action: an experimental approach. Cold
Regions Sciences and Technology, 17: 253-270.##
Nicholson, H., Dawn, T., Nicholson, F.H., 2000. Physical deterioration of sedimentary rocks subjected
to experimental freeze-thaw weathering. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 25: 1295-1307.##
Oda, M., Suzuki, K., Maeshibu, T., 1984. Elastic compliance for rock-like materials with random cracks.
Soils and Foundations, 24: 27-40.##
Pápay, Z., 2018. Effect of Thermal and Freeze-thaw Stress on the Mechanical Properties of Porous
Limestone. Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering, 62(2): 423-428.##
Plevova´, E., Kozˇusˇnı´kova´, A., Vaculı´kova´, L., Simha Martynkova´, G., 2010. Thermal behavior
of selected Czech marble samples. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 101: 657-664.##
Proskin, S., Sego, D., Alostaz, M., 2010. Freeze-thaw and consolidation tests on Suncor mature fine
tailings (MFT). Cold Regions Sciences and Technology, 63: 110-120.##
Powers, T.C., Helmuth, R. A., 1953. Theory of volume changes in hardened Portland cement paste
during freezing. Proceedings of the annual meeting - Highway Research Boar, 32: 285- 297.##
Ruedrich, J., Kirchner, D., Siegesmund, S., 2011. Physical weathering of building stones induced by
freeze-thaw action: a laboratory longterm study. Environmental Earth Sciences, 63: 1573-1586.##
Royer-Carfagni, G. F., 1999. On the thermal degradation of marble. International Journal of Rock
396 Dehban Avan Stakhri et al.
Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 36: 119-126.##
Saad, A., Guedon, S., Martineau, F., 2010. Microstructural weathering of sedimentary rocks by freezethaw
cycles: experimental study of state and transfer parameters. Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 342:
197-203.##
Setzer, M.J., Seter, M., Auberg, R., 1997. Basis of testing the freeze-thaw resistance Surface and internal
deterioration. E & FN Spon London, pp. 157-173.##
Shalabi, F. I., Cording, E. J., Al-Hattamleh, O. H., 2007. Estimation of rock engineering properties using
hardness tests. Engineering Geology, 90: 138-147.##
Siegesmund, S., Ullemeyer, K., Weiss, T., Tschegg, E.K., 2000. Physical weathering of marbles caused
by anisotropic thermal expansion. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 89: 170-182.##
Siegesmund, S., Weiss, T., Vollbrecht, A., 2002. Natural Stone, Weathering Phenomena, Conservation
Strategies and Case Studies. Geological Society, London, 205pp.##
Siegesmund, S., Grimm, W.D., Du¨rrast, H., Ruedrich, J., 2010. Limestones in Germany used as
building stones: an overview. In: Smith, B. J., Go´mez-Heras, M., Viles, H. A., Cassar, J., (Ed.),
Limestone in the built environment: present-day challenges for the preservation of the past.
Geological Society, London, pp 37-59.##
Siegesmund, S., Dürrast, H., 2014. Physical and mechanical properties of rocks. In: Siegesmund, S.,
Snethlage, R., (Ed.), Stone in architecture, 5th edn. Springer, Berlin, pp 97-225.##
Stück, H., Plagge, R., Siegesmund, S., 2013. Numerical modeling of moisture transport in sandstone:
the influence of pore space, fabric and clay content. Environmental Earth Sciences, 69(4): 1161-
1187.##
Shushakova, V., Fuller, E. R. Jr., Siegesmund, S., 2011. Influence of shape fabric and crystal texture on
marble degradation phenomena: simulations. Environmental Earth Sciences, 63: 1587-1601.##
Shushakova, V., Fuller, E. R. J.r., Siegesmund, S., 2013. Microcracking in calcite and dolomite marble:
microstructural influences and effects on properties. Environmental Earth Sciences, 69: 1263-1279.##
Takarli, M., Prince, W., Siddique, R., 2008. Damage in granite under heating/cooling cycles and water
freeze-thaw condition. International Journal Rock Mechanic and Mining Sciences, 45: 1164-1175.##
Tan, X., Chen, W., Yang, J., Cao, J., 2011. Laboratory investigation on the mechanical properties
degradation of granite under freeze-thaw action. Cold Regions Sciences and Technology, 68: 130-
138.##
Torabi‑Kaveh, M., Heidari, M., Mohseni, H., Menendez, B., 2019. Role of petrography in durability of
limestone used in construction of Persepolis complex subjected to artificial accelerated ageing tests.
Environmental Earth Sciences, 78 (297): 1-18.##
Walbert, C. H., Eslami, J., Beaucour, A., Bourges, A., Noumowe, A., 2015. Evolution of the mechanical
behaviour of limestone subjected to freeze-thaw cycles. Environmental Earth Sciences, 74: 6339-
6351.##
Weiss, T., Siegesmund. S., Fuller, E. R. J. r., 2003. Thermal degradation of marble: indications from
finite-element modelling. Build Environmental, 38: 1251-1260.##
Yagiz, S., 2011. Correlation between slake durability and rock properties for some carbonate Rocks.
Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 70: 377-383.##
Yagiz, S., 2018. The Effect of pH of the Testing Liquid on the Degradability of Carbonate Rocks.
Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 36: 2351-2363.##
Yavuz, H., Altindag, R., Sarac, S., Ugur, I., Sengun, N., 2006. Estimating the index properties of
deteriorated carbonate rocks due to freeze-thaw and thermal shock weathering. International Journal
of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 43: 767-775.##
Yu, J., Chen, X., Li, H., Zhou, J. W., 2015. Effect of Freeze-Thaw Cycles on Mechanical Properties
and Permeability of Red Sandstone under Triaxial Compression. Journal of Mountain Science, 12:
218-231.##
Zhou, X. P., Cheng, H., Feng, Y. F., 2014. An experimental study of crack coalescence behavior in rocklike
materials containing multiple flaws under uniaxial compression. Rock Mechanics and Rock
Engineering, 47(6): 1961-1986.##
Zhou, X. P., Zhang, J. Z., Wong, L. N. Y., 2018a. Experimental study on the growth, coalescence and
wrapping behaviors of 3D cross embedded flaws under uniaxial compression. Rock Mechanics and
Rock Engineering, 51(5): 1379-1400.##
Zhang, J. Z., Zhou, X. P., Zhu, J.Y., Xian, C., Wang, Y. T., 2018. Quasi-static fracturing in doubleGeopersia
2021, 11(2): 377-397 397##
flawed specimens under uniaxial loading: the role of strain rate. International Journal of Fracture,
211(1-2): 75-102.##
Zeisig, A., Siegesmund, S., Weiss, T., 2002. Thermal expansion and its control on the durability of
marbles. In: Siegesmund, S., Weiss, T., Vollbrecht, A., (Ed.), Natural stone, weathering phenomena,
conservation strategies and case studies, vol 205, Special Publications. Geological Society, London,
pp 65-80.##
González, J., Saldaña, M., Arzúa, J., 2019. Analytical Model for Predicting the UCS from P-Wave
Velocity, Density, and Porosity on Saturated Limestone. Applied Sciences, 9(23): 52-65.##
Han, D.H., Nur, A., Morgan, D., 1986. Effects of porosity and clay content on wave velocities in
sandstones. Geophysics, 51: 2093-2107.##
Hashemi, M., Bashiri Goudarzi, M., Jamshidi, A., 2018. Experimental investigation on the performance
of Schmidt hammer test in durability assessment of carbonate building stones against freeze-thaw
weathering. Environmental Earth Sciences, 77(684):1-15.##
Hassanvand, M., Moradi, S., Fattahi, M., Zargar, G.H., 2018. Estimation of rock uniaxial compressive
strength for an Iranian carbonate oil reservoir: Modeling vs. artificial neural network application.
Petroleum Research, 3: 336-345.##
Hori, M., Morihiro, H., 1998. Micromechanical analysis on deterioration due to freezing and thawing
in porous brittle materials. International Journal of Engineering Science, 36: 511-522.##
ISRM., 1981. ISRM suggested methods. In: Brown, E.T., (Ed.), Rock characterization, testing and
monitoring. Pergamon Press, London, 211pp.##
Jamshidi, A., Zamanian, H., Zarei Sahamieh, R., 2018. The effect of density and porosity on the
correlation between uniaxial compressive strength and P-wave velocity. Rock mechanics and Rock
engineering, 51(4): 1279-1286.##
Jamshidi, A., Nikudel, M.R., Khamehchiyan, M., 2016. Evaluation of the durability of Gerdoee
travertine after freeze-thaw cycles in fresh water and sodium sulfate solution. Engineering Geology,
202: 36-43.##
Jamshidi, A., Nikudel, M.R., Khamehchiyan, M., 2015. Estimating the engineering properties of
building stones after freeze-thaw using multiple regression analysis. Iranian Journal of Sciences and
Technology, Transaction A: Science, 39A2: 147-163.##
Jamshidi, A., Nikudel, M.R., Khamehchiyan, M., 2013. Predicting the long-term durability of building
stones against freeze-thaw using a decay function model. Cold Regions Sciences and Technology,
92: 29-36.##
Khanlari, G.R, Heidari, M, Sepahi-Gero, A. A, Fereidooni, D., 2014. Quantification of strength
anisotropy of metamorphic rocks of the Hamedan province, Iran, as determined from cylindrical
punch, point load and Brazilian tests. Engineering Geology, 169: 80-90.##
Koch, A., Siegesmund, S., 2004. The combined effect of moisture and temperature on the anomalous
expansion behaviour of marble. Environmental Geology, 46: 350-363.##
Luque, A., Ruiz-Agudo, E., Cultrone, G., Sebastia´n, E., Siegesmund, S., 2011. Direct observation of
microcrack development in marble caused by thermal weathering. Environmental Earth Sciences,
62: 1375-1386.##
Multuturk, M., Altindag, R., Turk, G., 2004. A decay function model for the integrity loss of rock when
subjected to recurrent cycles of freezing-thawing and heating-cooling, International Journal of Rock
Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 41: 237-244.##
Matsuoka, N., 1990. Mechanisms of rock breakdown by frost action: an experimental approach. Cold
Regions Sciences and Technology, 17: 253-270.##
Nicholson, H., Dawn, T., Nicholson, F.H., 2000. Physical deterioration of sedimentary rocks subjected
to experimental freeze-thaw weathering. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 25: 1295-1307.##
Oda, M., Suzuki, K., Maeshibu, T., 1984. Elastic compliance for rock-like materials with random cracks.
Soils and Foundations, 24: 27-40.##
Pápay, Z., 2018. Effect of Thermal and Freeze-thaw Stress on the Mechanical Properties of Porous
Limestone. Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering, 62(2): 423-428.##
Plevova´, E., Kozˇusˇnı´kova´, A., Vaculı´kova´, L., Simha Martynkova´, G., 2010. Thermal behavior
of selected Czech marble samples. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 101: 657-664.##
Proskin, S., Sego, D., Alostaz, M., 2010. Freeze-thaw and consolidation tests on Suncor mature fine
tailings (MFT). Cold Regions Sciences and Technology, 63: 110-120.##
Powers, T.C., Helmuth, R. A., 1953. Theory of volume changes in hardened Portland cement paste
during freezing. Proceedings of the annual meeting - Highway Research Boar, 32: 285- 297.##
Ruedrich, J., Kirchner, D., Siegesmund, S., 2011. Physical weathering of building stones induced by
freeze-thaw action: a laboratory longterm study. Environmental Earth Sciences, 63: 1573-1586.##
Royer-Carfagni, G. F., 1999. On the thermal degradation of marble. International Journal of Rock
396 Dehban Avan Stakhri et al.
Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 36: 119-126.##
Saad, A., Guedon, S., Martineau, F., 2010. Microstructural weathering of sedimentary rocks by freezethaw
cycles: experimental study of state and transfer parameters. Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 342:
197-203.##
Setzer, M.J., Seter, M., Auberg, R., 1997. Basis of testing the freeze-thaw resistance Surface and internal
deterioration. E & FN Spon London, pp. 157-173.##
Shalabi, F. I., Cording, E. J., Al-Hattamleh, O. H., 2007. Estimation of rock engineering properties using
hardness tests. Engineering Geology, 90: 138-147.##
Siegesmund, S., Ullemeyer, K., Weiss, T., Tschegg, E.K., 2000. Physical weathering of marbles caused
by anisotropic thermal expansion. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 89: 170-182.##
Siegesmund, S., Weiss, T., Vollbrecht, A., 2002. Natural Stone, Weathering Phenomena, Conservation
Strategies and Case Studies. Geological Society, London, 205pp.##
Siegesmund, S., Grimm, W.D., Du¨rrast, H., Ruedrich, J., 2010. Limestones in Germany used as
building stones: an overview. In: Smith, B. J., Go´mez-Heras, M., Viles, H. A., Cassar, J., (Ed.),
Limestone in the built environment: present-day challenges for the preservation of the past.
Geological Society, London, pp 37-59.##
Siegesmund, S., Dürrast, H., 2014. Physical and mechanical properties of rocks. In: Siegesmund, S.,
Snethlage, R., (Ed.), Stone in architecture, 5th edn. Springer, Berlin, pp 97-225.##
Stück, H., Plagge, R., Siegesmund, S., 2013. Numerical modeling of moisture transport in sandstone:
the influence of pore space, fabric and clay content. Environmental Earth Sciences, 69(4): 1161-
1187.##
Shushakova, V., Fuller, E. R. Jr., Siegesmund, S., 2011. Influence of shape fabric and crystal texture on
marble degradation phenomena: simulations. Environmental Earth Sciences, 63: 1587-1601.##
Shushakova, V., Fuller, E. R. J.r., Siegesmund, S., 2013. Microcracking in calcite and dolomite marble:
microstructural influences and effects on properties. Environmental Earth Sciences, 69: 1263-1279.##
Takarli, M., Prince, W., Siddique, R., 2008. Damage in granite under heating/cooling cycles and water
freeze-thaw condition. International Journal Rock Mechanic and Mining Sciences, 45: 1164-1175.##
Tan, X., Chen, W., Yang, J., Cao, J., 2011. Laboratory investigation on the mechanical properties
degradation of granite under freeze-thaw action. Cold Regions Sciences and Technology, 68: 130-
138.##
Torabi‑Kaveh, M., Heidari, M., Mohseni, H., Menendez, B., 2019. Role of petrography in durability of
limestone used in construction of Persepolis complex subjected to artificial accelerated ageing tests.
Environmental Earth Sciences, 78 (297): 1-18.##
Walbert, C. H., Eslami, J., Beaucour, A., Bourges, A., Noumowe, A., 2015. Evolution of the mechanical
behaviour of limestone subjected to freeze-thaw cycles. Environmental Earth Sciences, 74: 6339-
6351.##
Weiss, T., Siegesmund. S., Fuller, E. R. J. r., 2003. Thermal degradation of marble: indications from
finite-element modelling. Build Environmental, 38: 1251-1260.##
Yagiz, S., 2011. Correlation between slake durability and rock properties for some carbonate Rocks.
Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 70: 377-383.##
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