استرهای فتالیک اسید به عنوان آلاینده‌های نوظهور فراگیر در محیط زیست و نقش آن‌ها در تهدید امنیت غذایی و سلامت انسان: یک مطالعه مروری

Alkan, N., Alkan, A., Jiménez, J. C., Royer, F., Papillon, L., Ourgaud, M. and Sempéré, R. (2021). Environmental occurrence of phthalate and organophosphate esters in sediments across the Gulf of Lion (NW Mediterranean Sea). Science of the total Environment, 760 (143412), 1-8.

Alvarez, D.A., Maruya, K.A., Dodder, N.G., Lao, W., Furlong, E.T. and Smalling, K.L. (2014). Occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern a long the California coast (2009–10) using passive sampling devices. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 81 (2), 347–354.

Annamalai, J. and Namasivayam, V. (2015). Endocrine disrupting chemicals in the atmosphere: their effects on humans and wildlife. Environment International, 76, 78–97.

Arukwe, A., Eggen, T. and Moder, M. (2012). Solid waste deposits as a significant source of contaminants of emerging concern to the aquatic and terrestrial environments — a developing country case study from Owerri, Nigeria. Science of the Total Environment, 438, 94–102.

Baghery Abad, S., Nassiri, M., Ziyaadini, M., Kor, K. (2020). Seasonal alteration in distribution and concentration of Phthalate esters in Chabahar Bay. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 19(1), 109-120. (In Farsi).

Benjamin, S., Predeep, S., Josh, M. S., Kumar, S. and Masai, E. (2015). A monograph on the
remediation of hazardous phthalates. Journal of Hazardous Material, 298, 58–72.

Bergh, C., Torgrip, R., Emenius, G. and Ostman, C. (2011). Organophosphate and phthalate esters in air and settled dust — a multi-location indoor study. Indoor Air, 21, 67–76.

Boll, M., Geiger, R., Junghare, M. and Schink, B. (2020). Microbial degradation of phthalates:
biochemistry and environmental implications. Environmental Microbiology Reports, 12 (1): 3–15.

Boonyaroj, V., Chiemchaisri, C., Chiemchaisri, W., Theepharaksapan, S. and Yamamoto, K. (2012). Toxic organic micro-pollutants removal mechanisms in long-term operated membrane bioreactor treating municipal solid waste leachate. Bioresource Technology, 113, 174–180.

Bornehag, C.-G., Sundell, J., Weschler, C. J., Sigsgaard, T., Lundgren, B., Hasselgren, M. and Hagerhed-Engman, L. (2004). The association between asthma and allergic symptoms in children and phthalates in house dust: a nested case-control study. Environmental Health Perspectives, 112, 1393–1397.

Bu, Z., Dong, C., Mmereki, D., Ye, Y. and Cheng, Z. (2021). Modeled exposure to phthalates via inhalation and dermal pathway in children’s sleeping environment: A preliminary study and its implications. Building Simulation. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-021-0769-8.

Cartwright, C.D., Thompson, I.P. and Burns, R.G. (2000). Degradation and impact of phthalate plasticizers on soil microbial communities. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 19 (5), 1253–1261.

Chai, C., Cheng, H., Ge, W., Ma, D. and Shi, Y. (2014). Phthalic acid esters in soils from vegetable greenhouses in Shandong Peninsula, East China. PLoS One, 9 (4),e95701.

Chen, C.W., Chen, C.F. and Dong, C.D. (2013). Distribution of phthalate esters in sediments of Kaohsiung Harbor, Taiwan. Soil and Sediment Contamination, 22 (2), 119–131.

Chen, Q. Sun, H.W., Wang, B. and Hu, G.C. (2004). Effects of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on microorganisms and animals in soil. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 23 (6), 1156–1159.

Cheng, Z., Yu, L., Yang, Z.B., Xu, X.X., Wang, H.S. and Wong, M.H. (2018). Phthalate esters distribution in coastal mariculture of Hong Kong, China. Environmental Science Pollution Research, 25 (18), 17321–17329.

Cousins, A.P., Holmgren, T. and Remberger, M. (2014). Emissions of two phthalate esters and BDE 209 to indoor air and their impact on urban air quality. Science of the Total Environment, 470–471, 527–535.

Czogala, J., Pankalla, E. and Turczyn, R. (2021). Recent Attempts in the Design of Efficient PVC Plasticizers with Reduced Migration. Materials, 14 (4), 844.

Das, M. T., Ghosh, P. and Thakur, I. S. (2014). Intake estimates of phthalate esters for South Delhi population based on exposure media assessment. Environmental Pollution, 189, 118–125.

Deshmukh, D.K., Tsai, Y.I., Deb, M.K. and Mkoma, S.L. (2012). Characterization of dicarboxylates and inorganic ions in urban PM10 aerosols in the eastern central India. Aerosol. Air Quality Research, 12 (4), 592–607.

Ebenau-Jehle, C., Soon, C.I.S.L., Fuchs, J., Geiger, R. Boll, M. (2020). An aerobic hybrid phthalate degradation pathway via phthaloyl-coenzyme A in denitrifying bacteria. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 86 (11), e00498-20.

European Commission. (1999) Ban of phthalates in childcare articles and toys, press release IP/99/829 10 November.

Feng, Q., Zhong, L., Xu, S., Qiu, L. and Wu, S. (2016). Biomarker response of the earthworm (Eisenia fetida) exposed to three phthalic acid esters. Environmental Engineering Science, 33 (2), 105–111.

Fu, X.W. and Du, Q.Z. (2011). Uptake of di-(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate of vegetables from plastic film greenhouses. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59 (21),11585–11588.

Gani K. M. and Kazmi, A. A. (2016). Phthalate contamination in aquatic environment: A critical review of the process factors that influence their removal in conventional and advanced wastewater treatment. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 46:17, 1402-1439,

Gao, D.W., Li, Z., Wen, Z. and Ren, N. (2014). Occurrence and the fate of phthalate esters in full-scale domestic wastewater treatment plants and their impact on receiving waters along the Songhua River in China. Chemosphere, 95, 24–32.

Gao, D.W. and Wen, D.Z. (2016). Phthalate esters in the environment: A critical review of their occurrence, biodegradation, and removal during wastewater treatment processes. Science of the Total Environment, 541, 986–1001.

Gascon, M., Valvi, D., Forns, J., Casas, M., Martínez, D., Júlvez, J., Monfort, N., Ventura, R., Sunyer, J. and Vrijheid, M. (2015). Prenatal exposure to phthalates and neuropsychological development during childhood. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 218, 550–558.

Giuliani, A., Zuccarini, M., Cichelli, A., Khan, H. and Reale, M. (2020). Critical review on the presence of phthalates in food and evidence of their biological impact. International Journal of Environmental Research and Health, 17, 5655.

Giulivo, M., de Alda, M.L., Capri, E. and Barceló, D. (2016). Human exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds: Their role in reproductive systems, metabolic syndrome and breast cancer. A review. Environmental Research, 151, 251-264.

González-Escobar, J.L., Pereyra-Camacho, M.A., De Léon-Rodríguez, A., Legunes, A.G., Aguero, A.R., Lopez, A.C. and de la Rosa, A.P.B. (2020). Biodegradation of recalcitrant compounds and phthalates by culturable bacteria isolated from Liometopum apiculatum microbiota. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 36 (73), 1-13.

Gu, Y. Y., Wei, Q., Wang, l. y., Zhang, Z. M., Zhang, X.  O., Sun, A. L., Chen, J. and  Shi X. Z. (2021). A comprehensive study of the effects of phthalates on marine mussels: Bioconcentration, enzymatic activities and metabolomics, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 168, 112393.

Gugliandolo, E., Licata, P., Crupi, R., Albergamo, A., Jebara, A., Lo Turco, V., Giorgia Potortì, A.G., Mansour, H.B., Cuzzocrea, S. and Di Bella, G. (2020). Plasticizers from microplastics in Tunisian marine environment. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7, 928.

Hassanzadeh, N., Esmaili Sari, A., Khodabandeh, S. and Bahramifar, N. (2013). The concentrations of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) in the surface waters of Anzali wetland. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Science, 24 (117), 204-213. (In Farsi).

Hassanzadeh, N., Esmaili Sari, A., Khodabandeh, S. and Bahramifar, N. (2014). Occurrence and distribution of two phthalate esters in the sediments of the Anzali wetlands on the coast of the Caspian Sea (Iran). Marine Pollution Bulletin, 89, 128–135.

Hauser, R., Gaskins, A.J., Souter, I., Smith, K.W., Dodge, L.E., Ehrlich, S., Meeker, J.D., Calafat, A.M. and Williams, P.L. (2016). Urinary phthalate metabolite concentrations and reproductive outcomes among women undergoing in vitro fertilization: Results from the EARTH study. Environment Health Perspect, 124 (6), 831–839.

He, L., Gielen, G., Bolan, N., Zhang, X., Qin, H., Huang, H. and Wang, H. (2015). Contamination and remediation of phthalic acid esters in agricultural soils in China: a review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 35, 519-534.

Huang, D.Y., Zhou, S.G., Hong, W., Feng, W.F. and Tao, L. (2013). Pollution characteristics of volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and phthalate esters emitted from plastic wastes recycling granulation plants in Xingtan Town, South China. Atmospheric Environment, 71, 327–334.

Huang, C., Jie, Y., Liang, Z., Liu, Y., Wnag, F. and Guo, Y. (2021). Exposure to phthalates and correlations with phthalates in dust and air in South China homes. Science of the Total Environment, 782, 146806.

Jonsson, S., Ejlertsson, M., Ledin, A., Mersiowsky, I. and Svensson, B.H. (2003). Mono- and diesters from o-phthalic acid in leachates from different European landfills. Water Research, 37 (3): 609–617.

Kapanen, A., Stephen, J.R., Brueggemann, J., Kiviranta, A., White, D.C. and Itävaara, M. (2007). Diethyl phthalate in compost: ecotoxicological effects and response of the microbial community. Chemosphere, 67 (11), 2201–2209.

Kickham, P., Otton, S. V., Moore, M.M., Ikonomou, M.G. and Gobas, F. (2012). Relationship between biodegradation and sorption of phthalate esters and their metabolites in natural sediments. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 31 (8), 1730–1737.

Kim, D., Cui, R., Moon, J., Kwak, J.I. and An, Y.J. (2019). Soil ecotoxicity study of DEHP with respect to multiple soil species. Chemosphere, 216, 387–395.

Kim, S., Lee, Y.S. and Moon, H.B. (2020). Occurrence, distribution, and sources of phthalates and non-phthalate plasticizers in sediment from semi-enclosed bays of Korea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 151, 110824.

Kong, S., Ji, Y., Liu, L., Chen, L., Zhao, X., Wang, J., Bai, Z. and Sun, Z. (2012). Diversities of phthalate esters in suburban agricultural soils and wasteland soil appeared with urbanization in China. Environmental Pollution, 170,161–168.

Kong, S.F., Ji, Y.Q., Liu, L.L., Chen, L., Zhao, X.Y. and Wang, J.J. (2013). Spatial and temporal variation of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in atmospheric PM10 and PM2.5 and the influence of ambient temperature in Tianjin, China. Atmospheric Environment, 74, 199–208.

Larsson, K., Lindh, C.H., Jonsson B.A.G., Giovanoulis, G., Bibi, M., Bottai, M., Bergström, A. and Berglund M. (2017). Phthalates, non-phthalate plasticizers and bisphenols in Swedish preschool dust in relation to children's exposure. Environment International, 102, 114–124.

Lee, Y.M., Lee, J.E., Choe, W., Kime, T., Lee, J.Y., Kho, Y., Choi, K. and DukZoh, K. (2019a). Distribution of phthalate esters in air, water, sediments, and fish in the Asan Lake of Korea. Environment International, 126, 635–643.

Lee, Y.-S., Lee, S., Lim, J.-E. and Moon, H.-B. (2019b). Occurrence and emission of phthalates and non-phthalate plasticizers in sludge from wastewater treatment plants in Korea. Science of the Total Environment, 692, 354–360.

Li, J., Wang, G., Aggarwal, S.G., Huang, Y., Ren, Y. and Zhou, B. (2014). Comparison of abundances, compositions and sources of elements, inorganic ions and organic compounds in atmospheric aerosols from Xi'an and New Delhi, two megacities in China and India. Science of the Total Environment, 476, 485–495.

Li, B. Liu, R. Gao, H. Tan, R. Zeng, P. and Song, Y. (2016). Spatial distribution and ecological risk assessment of phthalic acid esters and phenols in surface sediment from urban rivers in Northeast China. Environmental Pollution, 219, 409–415.

Li, R., Liang, J., Gong, Z., Zhang, N. and Duan, H. (2017). Occurrence, spatial distribution, historical trend and ecological risk of phthalate esters in the Jiulong River, Southeast China. Science of the Total Environment, 580, 388–397.

Li, X., Zhang, W., Lv, J., Liu, W., Sun, S., Guo, C. and Xu, J. (2021a). Distribution, source apportionment, and health risk assessment of phthalate esters in indoor dust samples across China. Environmental Science Europe, 33 (19), 1-14. 

Li, Y., Wang, J., Yang, S. and Zhang, S. (2021b). Occurrence, health risks and soil-air exchange of phthalate acid esters: A case study in plastic film greenhouses of Chongqing, China. Chemosphere, 268, 128821.

Liao, C.S., Yen, J.H. and Wang, Y.S. (2009). Growth inhibition in Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa var. chinensis) growth exposed to di-n-butyl phthalate. Journal of Hazardous Material, 163 (2–3), 625–631.

Liu, H., Liang, Y., Zhang, D., Wang, C., Liang, H.C. and Cai, H.S. (2010). Impact of MSW landfill on the environmental contamination of phthalate esters. Waste Management, 30 (8–9), 1569–1576.

Lo Brutto, S., Iaciofano, D., Lo Turco, V., Potortì, A.G., Rando, R., Arizza, V. and Di Stefano, V. (2021). First assessment of plasticizers in marine coastal litter-feeder fauna in the Mediterranean Sea. Toxics, 9, 31.

Lyche, J.L. (2017) Phthalates. Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, Second edition. Elsevier.

Ma, T.T. Wu, H. L., Chen, L., Zhang, H. B., Teng, Y. and Luo, Y. M. (2015). Phthalate esters contamination in soils and vegetables of plastic film greenhouses of suburb Nanjing, China and the potential human health risk. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22, 12018–12028.

Ma, T.T., Christie, P., Teng, Y. and Luo, Y.M. (2013). Rape (Brassica chinensis L.) seed germination, seedling growth, and physiology in soil polluted with di-n-butyl phthalate and bis (2- ethylhexyl) phthalate. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 20 (8), 5289–5298.

Ma, T., Zhou, W., Chen, L., Wu, L., Christie, P., Zhang, H., et al. (2017). Toxicity effects of di-(2- ethylhexyl) phthalate to Eisenia fetida at enzyme, cellular and genetic levels. PLoS ONE, 12 (3), e0173957.

Ma, T., Zhou, W., Chen, L., Wu, L., Christie, P. and Liu, W. (2018). Toxicity of phthalate esters to lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and the soil microbial community under different soil conditions. PLoS ONE, 13(12), e0208111.

Ma, T., Zhou, W., Chen, L., Li, Y., Luo, Y. and Wu, P. (2020). Phthalate esters contamination in vegetable–soil system of facility greenhouses in Jingmen, central China and the assessment of health risk. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 42, 2703–2721.

Marega, M., Grob, K., Moret, S. and Conte, L. (2013). Phthalate analysis by gas chromatography– mass spectrometry: blank problems related to the syringe needle. Journal of Chromatography A, 1273, 105–110.

Marttinen, S.K., Kettunen, R.H. and Rintala, J.A. (2003). Occurrence and removal of organic pollutants in sewages and landfill leachates. Science of the Total Environment, 301 (1–3), 1–12.

Meng, X.Z., Wang, Y., Xiang, N., Chen, L., Liu, Z., Wu, B., Dai, X., Zhang, Y.H., Xie, Z. Ebinghaus, R. (2014). Flow of sewage sludge-borne phthalate esters (PAEs) from human release to human intake: implication for risk assessment of sludge applied to soil. Science of the Total Environment, 476, 242-249.

Miao, H., Liu, X., Li, J., Zhang, L., Zhao, Y., Liu, S., Ni, S. and Wu, Y. (2020). Associations of urinary phthalate metabolites with risk of papillary thyroid cancer. Chemosphere, 241(125093), 1-6.

Mostafalou, M.J., Shariati, F. and Shariati, S. (2018). Phthalates concentration in Anzali Wetland sediments, Iran. Wetland Ecology, 10 (3), 37-48. (In Farsi).

Net, S., Delmont, A., Sempéré, R., Paluselli, A. and Baghdad, O. (2015a). Occurrence, Fate, Behavior and Ecotoxicological State of Phthalates in Different Environmental Matrices. Environmental Science and  Technology, 49 (7), 4019-4035.

Net, S., Delmont, A., Sempéré, R., Paluselli, A. and Baghdad, O. (2015b). Reliable quantification of phthalates in environmental matrices (air, water, sludge, sediment, and soil): A review. Science of the Total Environment, 515-516,162-180.

Net, S., Dumoulin, D., El-Osmani, R., Rabodonirina, S. and Ouddane, B. (2014). Case study of PAHs, Me-PAHs, PCBs, phthalates and pesticides contamination in the Somme River water, France. International Journal of Environmental Research, 8 (4), 1159–1170.

Net, S., Rabodonirina S., Sghaier R.B., Dumoulin D., Chbib C., Tlili I. and Ouddane B. (2015). Distribution of phthalates, pesticides and drug residues in the dissolved, particulate and sedimentary phases from transboundary rivers (France–Belgium). Science of the Total Environment, 521– 522, 152–159.

Peijnenburg, W.J.G.M. and Struijs, J. (2006). Occurrence of phthalate esters in the environment of the Netherlands. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 63 (2), 204–215.

Prieto‑Amador, M., Caballero, P., Martínez‑Guitarte, J.L. (2021). Analysis of the impact of three phthalates on the freshwater gastropod Physella acuta at thetranscriptional level. Scientific Reports, 11:11411

Radke, E., Galizia, A., Thayer, K.A. and Cooper, G.S. (2019). Phthalate exposure and metabolic effects: a systematic review of the human epidemiological evidence. Environment International, 132, 104768. 1-17.

Rahimi, L., Ghanbarzadeh, B., Dehgannya, J. (2016). Migration of Phthalate Esters from Polyethylene Terephthalate into a Lemon Juice Simulant. Iranian Food Science and Technology Research Journal, 12(1), 79-87. (In Farsi).

Ramzi, A., Gireeshkumar, T.R., Habeeb Rahman, K., Mohan, M.K, Balachandran, K., Chacko, J. and Mohan Kumar, C.N. (2018). Distribution and contamination status of phthalic acid esters in the sediments of a tropical monsoonal estuary, Cochin—India. Chemosphere, 10, 232–238.

Sakhi, A.K., Cequier, E., Becher, R., Bolling, A.K., Borgen, A.R., Schlabach, M., Schmidbauer, N., Becher, G., Schwarze, P. and Thomsen, C. (2019). Concentrations of selected chemicals in indoor air from Norwegian homes and schools. Science of the Total Environment, 674, 1–8.

Salgueiro-Gonzalez, N., Lopez de Alda, M.J., Muniategui-Lorenzo, S., Prada-Rodriguez, D. and Barcelo, D. (2015). Analysis and occurrence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in airborne particles. Trac Trends in Analutical Chemistry, 66, 45–52.

Salvaggio, A., Tiralongo, F., Krasakopoulou, E., Marmara, D., Giovos, I., Crupi, R., Messina, G., Lombardo, B.M., Marzullo, A., Pecoraro, R., Scalisi, E.M., Copat, C., Zuccarello, P., Ferrante, M. and Brundo, M.V. (2019). Biomarkers of exposure to chemical contamination in the commercial fish species Lepidopus caudatus (Euphrasen, 1788): A Particular Focus on Plastic Additives. Frontiers in Physiology, 10 (905), 1-13.

Selvaraj, K.K., Sundaramoorthy, G., Ravichandran, P.K., Girijan, G.K., Sampath, S. and Ramaswamy, B.R. (2015). Phthalate esters in water and sediments of the Kaveri River, India: environmental levels and ecotoxicological evaluations. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 37 (1), 83– 96.

Shariati, S., Pourbabaee, A. A., Alikhani, H. A. and Rezaei, K. A. (2019). Assessment of phthalic acid esters pollution in Anzali wetland, north of Iran. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 16, 7025–7036.

Shariati, S. (2020). Study of effective microbiome in degradation of some phthalic acid esters under waterlogged conditions (Case study: Anzali wetland). Ph. D. dissertation, University of Tehran, Karaj.

Shariati, S., Pourbabaee, A. A., Alikhani, H. A. and Rezaei, K. A. (2021). Degradation of phthalic acid esters by the microbial consortium isolated from a contaminated soil. Applied Soil Research (Accepted). (In Farsi).

Sharifi, M., Yegdaneh, A., Sajjadi, S.E., Shushizadeh, M. (2017). Identification and Quantification of Phthalate Pollution in Holothuria atra: A Sea Cucumber from the Persian Gulf (Iran). Jundishapur Journal of  Natural Pharmaceutical Products.  12(4):e65055.

Sheikh, I. A. and Beg, M. A. (2019). Structural characterization of potential endocrine- disrupting activity of alternate plasticizers di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA), acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) and 2,2,4-trimethyl 1,3-pentanediol di isobutyrate (TPIB) with human sex hormone-binding globulin. Reproduction Toxicology, 83, 46–53.

Sibali, L.L., Okonkwo, J.O. and McCrindle, R.I. (2013). Determination of selected phthalate esters compounds in water and sediments by capillary gas chromatography and flame ionization detector. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A, 48 (11),1365–1377.

Sicińska, P., Mokra, K., Wozniak, K. et al. (2021). Genotoxic risk assessment and mechanism of DNA damage induced by phthalates and their metabolites in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Scientific Report, 11, 1658.

Singh, S. and Li, S. (2012). Epigenetic effects of environmental chemicals bisphenol A and phthalates. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 10143–10153.

Song, P., Gao, J., Li, X., Zhang, C., Zhu, L., Wang, J. and Wang, J. (2019). Phthalate induced oxidative stress and DNA damage in earthworms (Eisenia fetida). Environment International, 129, 10–17.

Sruthi, M., Raibeemol, K. P. and Chitra, K. C. (2020). Involvement of dibutyl phthalate on male reproductive toxicity in the freshwater fish Pseudetroplus maculatus (Bloch, 1795), Journal of Applied Aquaculture. DOI: 10.1080/10454438.2020.1742268.

Sun, J.Q., Huang, J., Zhang, A.P., Liu, W.P. and Cheng, W.W. (2013). Occurrence of phthalate esters in sediments in Qiantang River, China and inference with urbanization and river flow regime. Journal of Hazardous Material, 248,142–149.

Tan, W., Zhang, Y., He, X., Xi, B., Gao, R., Mao, X., Huang, C., Zhang, H., Li, D, Liang, Q., Cui, D. and Alshawabkeh, A.N. (2016). Distribution patterns of phthalic acid esters in soil particle-size fractions determine bio uptake in soil-cereal crop systems. Scientific Report, 6 (31987),1- 15.

Teil, M.J., Blanchard, M. and Chevreuil, M. (2006). Atmospheric fate of phthalate esters in an urban area (Paris-France). Science of the Total Environment, 354 (2–3), 212–213.

Teil, M.J., Tlili, K., Blanchard, M., Labadie, P., Alliot, F. and Chevreuil, M. (2014). Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers, and Phthalates in Roach from the Seine River Basin (France): Impact of Densely Urbanized Areas. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 66 (1), 41–57.

Tsai, C. K., Cheng, H., Hsu, T. Y.,  Wang, J. Y., Hung,C. H., Tsai, C. C.,  Lai, Y. J., Lin, Y. J., Chin, J. Y. H., Tain, Y. L., Chen, C. C. and Yu, H. R. (2021). Prenatal exposure to di-Ethyl Phthalate (DEP) is related to increasing neonatal IgE levels and the altering of the immune polarization of Helper-T cells. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18 (12), 6364.

Van Wezel, A.P., Van Vlaardingen, P., Posthumus, R., Crommentuijn, G.H. and Sijm, D.T.H.M. (2000). Environmental risk limits for two phthalates, with special emphasis on endocrine disruptive properties. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 46, 305–321.

Wang, H., Liang, H. and Gao, D.W. (2017a). Occurrence and distribution of phthalate esters (PAEs) in wetland sediments. Journal of Forestry Research, 28 (6), 1241–1248.

Wang, H., Liang, H. and Gao, D.W. (2017b). Occurrence and risk assessment of phthalate esters (PAEs) in agricultural soils of the Sanjiang Plain, northeast China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24, 19723–19732.

Wang, J., Bo, L., Li, L., Wang, D., Chen, G., Christie, P. and Teng, Y. (2014). Occurrence of phthalate esters in river sediments in areas with diferent land use patterns. Science of the Total Environment, 500–501,113–119.

Wang, J., Luo, Y., Teng, Y., Ma, W., Christie, P. and Li, Z. (2013). Soil contamination by phthalate esters in Chinese intensive vegetable production systems with different modes of use of plastic film. Environmental Pollution, 180, 265–273.

Wang, J., Shenghong, L., Zhang, M., Chen, G., Zhu, T., Zhang, S., Teng, Y., Christie, P. and Luo, Y.M. (2016). Effects of plastic film residues on the occurrence of phthalates and microbial activity in soils. Chemosphere, 151,171-177.

Wang, J.W., Du, Q.Z. and Song, Y.Q. (2010). Concentration and risk assessment of DEHP in vegetables around plastic industrial area. Chinese Journal of Environmental Science, 31 (10), 2450–2455.

Wang, P., Wang, S.L. and Fan, C.Q. (2008). Atmospheric distribution of particulate- and gasphase phthalic esters (PAEs) in a Metropolitan City, Nanjing, East China. Chemosphere, 72 (10), 1567–1572.

Wang, W., Zhang, Y., Wang, S., Fan, C.Q. and Xu, H. (2011). Distributions of phthalic esters carried by total suspended particulates in Nanjing, China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184 (11), 6789–6798.

Wang, W.X., Zhang, Y.L., Wang, S.L., Fan, C.B.Q. and Xu, H. (2012b). Distributions of phthalic esters carried by total suspended particulates in Nanjing, China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184 (11), 6789–6798.

Wang, X., Tao, W., Xu, Y., Feng, J. and Wang, F. (2014). Indoor phthalate concentration and exposure in residential and office buildings in Xi’an, China. Atmospheric Environment, 87, 146–152.

Wang, Y., Wang, F., Xiang, L., Gu, C., Gordon, M.R., Sheng, H., Wang, Z., Fu, Y., Bia., Y. and Jiang, X. (2021). Risk assessment of agricultural plastic films based on release kinetics of phthalate acid esters. Environmental Science & Technology, 55 (6), 3676-3685.

Wang, Y., Zhu, H. and Kannan, K. (2019). A review of biomonitoring of phthalate exposures. Toxics, 7, 21. 1-28.

Wei, L., Li, Z., Sun, J., Zhu, L. (2021). Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of phthalate esters in agricultural soil and vegetables in the Yangtze River Delta of China. Science of the Total Environment, 726, 137978.

Weizhen, Z.,  Xiaowei, Z. Peng, Gu., Ning, W., Zini, L., Jian, H. and Zheng, Z. (2020). Distribution and risk assessment of phthalates in water and sediment of the Pearl River Delta. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27,12550–12565.

Xie, Y., Liu, H., Li, H., Tang, H., Peng, H., Xu, H. (2020). High-effectively degrade the di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate via biochemical system: Resistant bacterial flora and persulfate oxidation activated by BC@Fe₃O₄. Environmental Pollution, 262 (114100), 1-10.

Xu, Y., Minhazul, K.A.H.M., Wang, X., Liu, X., Li, X., Meng, Q., Li, H., Zhang, C., Sun, X., Sun, B. (2020). Biodegradation of phthalate esters by Paracoccus kondratievae BJQ0001 isolated from Jiuqu (Baijiu fermentation starter) and identification of the ester bond hydrolysis enzyme. Environmental Pollution, 263 (114506), 1-10.

Xu, H., Cao, W., Sun, H., Zhang, S., Li, P., Jiang, S. and Zhong, C. (2021). Dose-Dependent Effects of Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DEHP) in Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Frontiers Marine Science, 8 (658361), 1-10.

Yang, H.J., Xie, W.J., Liu, Q., Liu, J.T., Yu, H.W. and Lu, Z.H. (2013). Distribution of phthalate esters in topsoil: a case study in the Yellow River Delta, China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185 (10), 8489–8500.

Yin, R., Lin, X.G., Wang, S.G., Zhang, H.Y. (2003). Effect of DBP/ DEHP in vegetable planted soil on the quality of capsicum fruit. Chemosphere, 144 (206), 159–178.

Zeng, F, Wen, J.X., Cui, K.Y., Wu, L.N., Liu, M., Li, Y.J., Lin, Y.J., Zhu, F., Ma, Z.L. and Zeng, Z.X. (2009). Seasonal distribution of phthalate esters in surface water of the urban lakes in the subtropical city, Guangzhou, China. Journal of Hazardous Material, 169 (1–3), 719–725.

Zeng, F., Lin, Y.J., Cui, K.Y., Wen, J.X., Ma, Y.Q., Chen, H.L. (2010). Atmospheric deposition of phthalate esters in a subtropical city. Atmospheric Environment, 44 (6), 834–840.

Zhang, C.X. and Wang, Y.X. (2009). Removal of dissolved organic matter and phthalic acid esters from landfill leachate through a complexation–flocculation process. Waste Management, 29 (1), 110–116.

Zhang, C. (2007) Fundamental of environmental sampling and analysis.  John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Zhang, L., Wang, F., Ji, Y., Jiao, J., Zou, D., Liu, L., Shan, C., Bai, Z. and Sun, Z. (2014). Phthalate esters (PAEs) in indoor PM10/PM2.5 and human exposure to PAEs via inhalation of indoor air in Tianjin, China. Atmospheric Environment, 85, 139–146.

Zheng, X.X., Zhang, B.T. and Teng, Y.G. (2014). Distribution of phthalate acid esters in lakes of Beijing and its relationship with anthropogenic activities. Science of the Total Environment, 476, 107–113.

Zhang, X., Tang, Song., Qiu, T., Hu, X., Lu, Y., Du P., Xie, L., Yang, Y., Zhao, F., Zhu, Y. and Giesy, J. P. (2020). Investigation of phthalate metabolites in urine and daily phthalate intakes among three age groups in Beijing, China. Environmental Pollution, 260 (114005), 1-9.

Zhang, Y., Jiao, Y., Li, Z. and Yang, Y. (2021). Hazards of phthalates (PAEs) exposure: A review of aquatic animal toxicology studies. Science of the Total Environment, 771 (145418), 1-23.

Zhou, X., Lian, J., Cheng, Y. and Wang, X. (2021a). The gas/particle partitioning behavior of phthalate esters in indoor environment: Effects of temperature and humidity. Environmental Research, 194 (110681).

Zhou, B., Zhao, L., Sun, Y., Li, X., Weng, L. and Li, Y. (2021b). Contamination and human health risks of phthalate esters in vegetable and crop soils from the Huang-Huai-Hai region of China. Science of the Total Environment, 778, 146281.