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ایدئولوژی به‌مثابۀ علم ایده‌ها؛ مواجهه‌ای ریکوری با دستوت دوتراسی و طرح معرفت‌شناسانۀ او برای علمی جدید | ||
| فلسفه | ||
| دوره 21، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 40، شهریور 1402، صفحه 203-223 اصل مقاله (698.61 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: علمی -پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jop.2022.340584.1006707 | ||
| نویسنده | ||
| حسین مصباحیان* | ||
| استادیار گروه فلسفه، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. | ||
| چکیده | ||
| این مقاله درصدد پرتو افکندن بر این پرسش است که «آیا مفهومی علمی از ایدئولوژی می‌تواند وجود داشته باشد؟» پرسش مذکور که عنوان مقاله‌ای از پل ریکور هم هست، در پی مواجهه‌ای پدیدار شناختی با ایدئولوژی و به تعلیق درآوردن تعاریف رایج آن صورت‌بندی شده است و وارسی آن به این خروجی منجر شده است که از طریق به‌کاربستن شعار دشوار و موردعلاقۀ پدیدارشناسی یعنی «بازگشت به خود چیزها» و ساخت‌گشایی از منطق واضع ایدئولوژی، دستوت دوتراسی، می‌توان امکان مفهوم‌پردازی ایدئولوژی، نه به‌عنوان یک علم، بلکه به‌مثابۀ یک روش را فراهم ساخت. در مقاله بحث شده است که در صورت فراهم شدن چنین امکانی، گامی برای عبور از دوگانه تفسیر و تغییر یا پژوهش نظری و پژوهش کاربردی برداشته خواهد شد. مقاله پس از فراهم آوردن شرح و تحلیلی از دیدگاه‌های دستوت دوتراسی دربارۀ عناصر ایدئولوژی، تقدم ایدئولوژی بر علوم دیگر و پروژۀ بیکنیِ او برای بازسازیِ فهم انسان و طبیعت، میراث او را در بخش ملاحظات پایانی، داوری کرده و به این نتیجه رسیده است که اگر ایدئولوژی نه به معنای «تحلیل ایده‌ها»، یا «وارسی خاستگاه ایده‌ها» به نحو کلی، بلکه به معنای «تحلیل ایده‌های سلطه یافته» فهم شود، می‌تواند در جهت عبور از دوگانه تفسیر و تغییر به کار گرفته شود. در قسمت مذکور ایدئولوژی دارای سه رکن اصلی دانسته شده است: الف) معاصر بودن در سنت فلسفی- علمی شناخت؛ ب) نقد ایده‌های سلطه یافته و؛ ج) برآمدن بدیل‌های نسبی. این سه رکن در پیوند با یکدیگر، از ایدئولوژی معرفتی می‌سازد در جوهر متفاوت با معارف دیگر که کار آن تفسیر و تغییر هم‌زمان است؛ خصلتی که منحصر به ایدئولوژی و بعدها پدیدارشناسی انتقادی است. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| دستوت دوتراسی؛ پل ریکور؛ ناپلئون؛ عناصر ایدئولوژی؛ پروژه‌ای بیکنی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Ideology as the Science of Ideas: A Ricouerian Encounter with “Destutt de Tracy and his Epistemological Project for a New Science” | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Hossein Mesbahian | ||
| Assistant Professor, Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| This article asks: can there be a scientific concept of ideology? This question—which is also the title of an article by Paul Ricoeur—is framed in such a way as to challenge prevailing conceptions of ideology in favor of a phenomenological approach. Employing the popular but difficult idiom of phenomenology—return to things themselves—and deconstructing the extant logic of ideology established and coined by Destutt de Tracy, this paper argues that a scientific conception of ideology becomes possible. In light of such a possibility, this paper further argues that this scientific conception paves the path for stepping beyond the dichotomy of interpretation and change, or theoretical and practical research. At the very least, a scientific concept of ideology will allow for the development of a kind of science—which, despite not claiming any superiority to other sciences (thus contrary to De Tracy’s contention)—will nevertheless reflect fundamental differences from other sciences in subject matter, methodology and logic. After an exegesis of de Tracy’s thought on the sources, methodology and logic of ideology, this paper examines the claim of the superiority of ideology to other sciences and his Baconian project of reconstructing human understanding and nature. It is clear that the epistemological foundations of ideology are not defendable today and face critical questions. Questions such as, if ideology were to examine sources of human consciousness (knowledge, understanding, intellect), why and how could intellect itself and its foundations, which are supposed to carry out such a process, be excluded from the arbitration process? Of what nature are those intellectual foundations and why is there not adequate discussion about them? Why should that particular way of reasoning be immune to its rulings on the material foundations of thought? Perhaps the whole concept of ideology is merely a biological reflection of intellect in the mind of a French philosopher called Destutt de Tracy, and has no more objective validity than that. If the claim of ideology is that reason can grasp the whole of reality, the question that arises is whether reason can have a grasp on itself and its mechanisms, or should such grasp be excluded from the scope of reason’s analysis? The science of ideas seems to have assumed a transcendental position; But it is precisely this assumption and claim that in return violates the methodological foundations of ideology. These questions lead us to the main question of this article, which is, in the words of Paul Ricoeur: “Do we have no choice but to accede to the opposition between science and ideology?” And to say that ideology is not a science? The answer to this question is that there are possibilities in ideology which can be used to postulate the notion of "ideology as a science" and that this concept also faces limitations which resist developing into a science. What is important, however, is to address the tension between science and ideology, for, as Ricoeur puts it, “we have more to lose by not dealing with this tension” (Ricoeur, 1978, p. 57). This paper concludes that if ideology signifies as an analysis of dominant ideas , it can be merged and united with critical phenomenology (an approach that appeared some two centuries after the concept of ideology) and thereby be employed to dismantle the dichotomy of interpretation and change. In this concluding section, it will be noted that ideology has three main underpinnings: a) its contemporaneity with the philosophical-scientific tradition of knowledge; b) a critique of established ideas; and c) the emergence of relative alternatives. In conjunction with one another, these three create an ideology as science that is different in essence from other sciences; its modus operandi is the simultaneous task of interpretation and change: a quality unique to ideology— and later, critical phenomenology—present in no other science or knowledge. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Key Words: Destutt de Tracy, Paul Ricouer, Napoleon, Elements of Ideology, Baconian Project | ||
| مراجع | ||
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Boas, G. (1925), French Philosophies of the Romantic Period, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins. De Tracy, A. L. C. D. (2012). A Treatise on Political Economy (T. Jefferson, Trans. Destutt de Tracy, A.L.C. Deneys-Tunney, A. & Deneys, H. (1992), Mémoire sur la faculté de penser De la métaphysique de Kant et autres textes [textes réunis et revus par Anne et Henry Deneys], Fayard. Eagleton, T. (1991), Ideology: an introduction, Verso, London, New York, Longman Publishing. Fitzsimmons, M. P.(1986), “Book Review of Welch, Cheryl B Liberty and Utility: The French Idéologues and the Transformation of Liberalism”, The Historian, 48(4), 590. Geertz, C. (1973), The interpretation of cultures, selected essays. Basic Books, http://libezproxy.syr.edu/login?url http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.01005.0001.001 Head, B. (1985), Ideology and social science: Destutt de Tracy and French liberalism, M. Nijhoff ;Distributors for the U.S. and Canada, Kluwer Academic. Husserl, E. (2012), Ideas: General introduction to pure phenomenology, London and NewYork, Routledge. Kaiser, T. E. (1980), “Politics and Political Economy in the Thought of the Ideologues”, History of Political Economy, 12(2), 141-160. Kennedy, E.(1979), “Ideology from Destutt De Tracy to Marx”. Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 40, No. 3, 353-368. Kennedy, E. & Marshall, T. (1982), “A Philosophe in the Age of Revolution: Destutt de Tracy and the origins of «Ideology»”. Les Études philosophiques(4), 455-459. Klein, D. B. (1985), “Deductive economic methodology in the French Enlightenment: Condillac and Destutt de Tracy”, History of Political Economy, 17(1), 51-71. Lichtheim, G. (1965), “The concept of ideology”, History and theory, 4(2), 164-195. Mannheim, K. (1976), Ideology and Utopia: An Introduction to the Sociology of Knowledge, 1936, Trans. Louis Wirth and Edward Shils. London, Routledge & Kegan Paul. Merleau-Ponty, M. (1996), Phenomenology of perception, Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass Publishe. Mesbahian, H. & Norris, T. (2017), Dieter Misgeld: A philosopher’s journey from hermeneutics to emancipatory politics, Netherland, Sense Publishers. Misgeld, D., Norris, T., & Mesbahian, H. (2010), “A philosopher's journey from hermeneutics to emancipatory politics”. Philosophical Inquiry in Education, 19(2), 86-97. Ricoeur, P. (1978), “Can there be a scientific concept of ideology?”, Phenomenology and The Social Science: A Dialogue, Springer, 44-59. ـــــــــــــ (1986), Lectures on ideology and utopia, ed. GH Taylor, New York, Columbia University. Tracy, A. D. d. (1801), Elemens d'ideologie, vol. 1, Paris, Pierre Firmin Didot. Terrell, T. D. (2009), The economics of Destutt de Tracy, Introduction to Destutt de Tracy, A Treatise on Political Economy, USA. Liberty Fund. Venturi, F. (1982), “Destutt de Tracy and the liberal revolutions”, Studies in Free Russia, Fausta Segre Walsby and Margaret O'Dell, University of Chicago, 59-93. Welch, C. B. (1984), Liberty and Utility: The French Idéologues and the Transformation of Liberalism, New York City, Columbia University.
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