پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 161 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 6,532 |
| تعداد مقالات | 70,501 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 124,098,934 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 97,206,508 |
نسبی‌انگاری ارزش‌ها و گرایش‌های دربارۀ خود | ||
| فلسفه | ||
| دوره 20، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 39، بهمن 1401، صفحه 35-56 اصل مقاله (572.88 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: علمی -پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jop.2022.343513.1006717 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| پیمان جباری* 1؛ محسن جوادی2؛ محمد لگنهاوسن3 | ||
| 1دانشجوی دکتری فلسفۀ اخلاق، دانشکده الهیات و معارف اسلامی، دانشگاه قم، قم، ایران. | ||
| 2استاد گروه فلسفۀ اخلاق، دانشکده الهیات و معارف اسلامی، دانشگاه قم، قم، ایران. | ||
| 3استاد مؤسسۀ آموزشی و پژوهشی امام خمینی (ره)، قم، ایران. | ||
| چکیده | ||
| نسبی‌انگاری اخلاقی یکی از مکاتب کهن فرااخلاقی است که به وجود ویژگی‌های اخلاقی، و صدق و توجیه احکام اخلاقی می‌پردازد. با این حال، بخشی از بحث‌های مربوط به نسبی‌انگاری متوجّه معناشناسی جملات نسبی است. نظریات نسبی‌انگارانۀ سنّتی زمینه‌گرا هستند، به این معنا که احکام اخلاقی را دارای عنصری می‌دانند که به نحوی ارجاع به گوینده دارد. این دیدگاه نسبی‌انگاری را با چالش‌هایی مواجه می‌کند، از جمله این‌که اختلاف نظر که یکی از اسباب عمدۀ گرایش به نسبی‌انگاری است، به سوء تفاهم فروکاسته می‌شود. برخی نسبی‌انگاران اخیراً تلاش کرده‌اند تا نظریاتی ارائه دهند که با ثابت دانستن محتوای احکام، دچار مشکلات زمینه‌گرایی سنتی نباشد. یکی از این تلاش‌ها، نظریۀ نسبی‌انگاریِ دربارۀ خود (de se relativism) اندی ایگن است. ایگن با ترکیب نظریۀ دیوید لویس درباب محتوای باور، نظریۀ رابرت استالنیکر درباب اظهار، و نظریۀ استعدادی دیوید لویس درباب ارزش، بر آن است که نظریه‌ای نسبی‌انگارانه دربارۀ ارزش ارائه کند که با طبیعی‌انگاری، درونی‌انگاری احکام اخلاقی، و شناختی‌انگاری سازگار باشد، و از اشکالات دیگری که خودِ او بر زمینه‌گرایی وارد می‌کند مبرّا باشد. در این مقاله نظریۀ ایگن بررسی می‌شود و نشان داده می‌شود که نظریۀ او نه‌تنها از اشکالات وارد بر زمینه‌گرایی رها نیست، بلکه به دلیل پذیرش نظریۀ لویس در باب محتوای باور بار بیشتری بر دوش دارد که آن را نسبت به دیگر نظریات نسبی‌انگارانه مرجوح می‌سازد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| نسبی‌انگاری اخلاقی؛ زمینه‌گرایی؛ نظریۀ ارزش؛ گرایش‌های دربارۀ خود؛ اندی ایگن؛ دیوید لویس | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Relativism of Values and De Se Attitudes | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Peyman Jabbari1؛ Mohsen Javadi2؛ Muhammad Legenhausen3 | ||
| 1PhD Student in Moral Philosophy, Department of Ethics, Faculty of Theology and Islamic Studies, University of Qom, Qom, Iran. | ||
| 2Professor of the Department of Ethics, Faculty of Theology and Islamic Studies, University of Qom, Qom, Iran. | ||
| 3Professor of the Imam Khomeini Education and Research Institute, Qom, Iran. | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Metaethical relativism is in the first place a theory about the ontological status of moral properties and the truth and justification of ethical judgments. Since truth-ascriptions of relative judgments are different from ordinary sentences, relativists should advance a semantic theory about how the content and truth of such sentences are determined. Contextualist take such sentences to be elliptic for a sentence containing a parameter that refers to a reference frame determined by the context of assertion. With the content of different assertions of a judgment varying from one context to other, contextualists are bound to consider the apparently genuine faultless disagreements, which are a main motivation for accepting moral relativism, as mere misunderstandings. Also, they are faced with other problems in pragmatics of moral assertions in cases of retraction and rejection. By refuting contextualism, “New relativists” claim that it is just the truth of moral judgments that is relative, and the content of such judgments does not vary among their different assertions. John MacFarlane makes such a move by adding an index to the circumstances of evaluation of such judgments which is determined by context of assessment, and refers to assessors' preferences. In his de se relativism about values, Andy Egan presents a different theory, which he claims it to be the best if we were inclined to adopt naturalism, internalism, and cognitivism. By accepting David Lewis' theory of de se attitudes, which considers content of sentences to be properties instead of propositions, Egan claims that the value judgments have centered world properties as contents which have no corresponding possible world propositions. By making value judgments, people self-ascribe such properties. Using Lewis' theory of value, Egan claims that the content of value properties is “being disposed to desire to desire x”. This property does not vary among different assertions of a sentence. Combining this theory with Robert Stalnaker's theory of assertion, Egan claims that he is not faced with the problem of lost disagreement. Like MacFarlane, Egan adds an assessor index to the circumstances of evaluation of relative sentences, but unlike him he claims it to be determined by the context of use. In addition, Egan makes two criticisms against the contextualist account of value judgments, which we have called the naturalist and the internalist problems. Both problems stem from the fact that according to contextualism, an assertion of some content can be evaluative while another assertion of the same content is non-evaluative. Egan claims that his account can avoid such problems. In the present paper, we show that Egan's attempts are unsuccessful. His account is faced with the same criticisms he leveled at contextualism; and if he tries to avoid such objections, his escape routes will open the way for contextualists as well. Also, by accepting Lewis' theory of content, Egan has taken on an additional burden, which is hard to defend. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Moral Relativism, Contextualism, Value Theory, De Se Attitudes, Andy Egan, David Lewis | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Cappelen, Herman & Huvenes, Torfinn Thomesen (2018), “Relative Truth”, in Michael Glanzberg (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Truth, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 517-542. Dreier, James (1990), “Internalism and Speaker Relativism”, Ethics, 101 (1), 6-26. doi:10.1086/293257. Egan, Andy (2007), “Epistemic Modals, Relativism and Assertion”, Philosophical Studies, 133, 1-22. doi:10.1007/s11098-006-9003-x. ــــــــــــــــــــ (2010), “Disputing About Taste”, In Richard Feldman, & Ted A. Warfield (Eds.), Disagreement, Oxford, Oxford University, 247-286. ــــــــــــــــــــ (2011), “Relativism about Epistemic Modals”, in Steven D. Hales (Ed.), A Companion to Relativism, Oxford, Wiley-Blackwell, 219-241. ــــــــــــــــــــ (2012), “Relativist Dispositional Theories of Value”, The Southern Journal of Philosophy, 50 (4), 557-582. ــــــــــــــــــــ (2014), “There’s Something Funny About Comedy: A Case Study in Faultless Disagreement”, Erkenntnis, 79 (1), 73–100. ــــــــــــــــــــ (2016), “Comments on John MacFarlane, Assessment Sensitivity”, Retrieved from Andy Egan: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5bbb78d577889768f32c38f5/t/5c9fad7f24a6942251d14166/1553968511737/2019-03-30-MacFarlane+APA+comments-notes+for+self-edited.pdf ــــــــــــــــــــ (2021, February 5), “What Kind of Relativism is Right for You?”, Retrieved from Andy Egan: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5bbb78d577889768f32c38f5/t/5ca3b9e1eef1a1c4a3b374b8/1554233825478/2019-03-14-syllabus-metaphysics-subjectivity.pdf ــــــــــــــــــــ & Beddor, Bob (2018), “Might Do Better: Flexible relativism and the QUD”, Semantics and Pragmatics, 11(7), Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3765/sp.11.7 ــــــــــــــــــــ & Kindermann, Dirk (2019a), “De Se Relativism”, Retrieved from Andy Egan: https://www.andyegan.net/s/De-Se-Relativism-Egan-Kindermann-Routledge-Google-Docs.pdf ــــــــــــــــــــ (2019b), “De Se Relativism”, in Martin Kusch (Ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Relativism, New York and London, Routledge, 517-527. Harman, Gilbert (1975), “Moral Relativism Defended”, Philosophical Review, 84(1), 3-22. doi:10.2307/2184078. ــــــــــــــــــــ (1978), “What Is Moral Relativism?”, in Alvin. I. Goldman, & Jaegwon Kim (Eds.), Values and Morals, Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Company, 143-161. doi:10.1007/978-94-015-7634-5_9. ــــــــــــــــــــ & Judith Jarvis Thomson (1996), Relativism and Moral Objectivity, Cambridge, MIT Press, 1996. Holton, Richard (2015), “Primitive Self-Ascription: Lewis on the De Se”, in Barry Loewer, & Jonathan Schaffer (Eds.), A Companion to David Lewis, Chichester, Wiley Blackwell, 399-410. Kindermann, Dirk (2012), Perspective in Context: Relative Truth, Knowledge, and the First Person, PhD Thesis, Patrick Greenough, University of St. Andrews. Kölbel, Max (2022), “Objectivity and Perspectival Content”, Erkenntnis, 87, 137–159. doi:10.1007/s10670-019-00188-1. Lewis, David (1979), “Attitudes De Dicto and De Se”, The Philosophical Review, 88(4), 513-543. ــــــــــــــــــــ (1989), “Dispositional Theories of Value”, Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volume, 63, 113-137. MacFarlane, John (2014), Assessment Sensitivity: Relative Truth and Its Applications, Oxford, Clarendon. ــــــــــــــــــــ (2016), “Replies to Egan, Schroeder, and Harman”, Retrieved from johnmacfarlane.net: https://johnmacfarlane.net/replies-to-critics-apa-2016.pdf Perry, John (1977), “Frege on Demonstratives”, Philosophical Review, 86, 474-497. ــــــــــــــــــــ (1979), “The Problem of the Essential Indexical”, Noûs, 31(1), 3-21. Shafer-Landau, Russ (2003), Moral Realism: A Defence, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
| ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 496 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 322 |
||