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عوامل و فرایندهای تشکیل خاک در اقلیمهای مختلف ایران (مروری بر تحقیقات دو دهه اخیر گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک دانشگاه تهران) | ||
| تحقیقات آب و خاک ایران | ||
| دوره 53، شماره 3، خرداد 1401، صفحه 603-632 اصل مقاله (1.28 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مروری | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/ijswr.2021.332403.669102 | ||
| نویسنده | ||
| احمد حیدری* | ||
| گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده مهندسی و فناوری، دانشگاه تهران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| شناخت دقیق خاک‌ها و ردهبندی آنها در اعمال مدیریتهای مختلف نقش تعیین‌کننده دارد. هدف از این مطالعه تجمیع بخشی از نتایج حاصل از مطالعات در قالب پایاننامهها و رسالههای انجام شده و مقالههای مستخرج از آنها در مورد عوامل و فرایندهای خاکسازی در اقلیمهای مختلف ایران است که در طی دو دهه اخیر در اقلیمهای مختلف کشور در گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک دانشگاه تهران انجام شده است. تنوع عوامل خاکسازی اعم از اقلیم، مواد مادری، توپوگرافی، پوشش گیاهی و زمان تشکیل و فرایندهایی که منجر به ظهور و بروز خصوصیات و عوارض شناسایی مختلف شده است، موردمطالعه و کلاسهای ردهبندی خاک‌ها بر اساس سامانه ردهبندی خاک آمریکایی تا سطح گروه بزرگ تعیین شده است (اطلاعات تمامی خاک‌ها تا سطح فامیلی خاک در منابع ارجاع شده آمده است). صفات مورفولوژیکی غالب در خاک‌رخهای موردمطالعه در هر منطقه مطالعاتی اعم از محدودیتها و مزایای موجود تعیین شدهاند. علاوه بر کلاسهای خاک، خصوصیات مورفولوژیکی، میکرو مورفولوژیکی، فیزیکی، شیمیایی، کانیشناسی رس، میزان ذخیره کربن آلی و کربن غیرآلی، ژئوشیمی خاک‌های تشکیل شده با جزئیات لازم تشریح شدهاند. از میان 12 رده خاک در سامانه ردهبندی آمریکایی حداقل 7 رده، و از میان 32 گروه مرجع سامانه ردهبندی WRB حداقل 16 گروه مرجع در مناطق مطالعه شده وجود دارند. نتایج میکرو مورفولوژی تأثیرگذاری رسوبات بادی را بر خاک‌های تشکیل شده بر روی بازالت اثبات نمود. ایلایت و کلرایت در کانیشناسی رس بسیاری از خاک‌های مناطق موردمطالعه نشان‌دهنده جوان بودن خاک‌های موردمطالعه است. در خاک‌هایی که قدری تحول بیشتری پیدا کردهاند (مانند ورتیسولها و اریدیسولها) اسمکتایت دیده شد. تشکیل آلوفانها از مواد آذرآواری نیز حاکی از غالبیت آلومینیوم بر سیلیسیم در مراحل اولیه هوادیدگی آنها است. تقریباً همه فرایندهای خاکسازی در این مطالعه مورد بررسی و بحث قرار گرفتند و از بعد آموزشی و پژوهشی دیدگاه روشنی از خاک‌های کشور نشان داده شد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| تشکیل خاک؛ ردهبندی خاک؛ فرایندهای خاکسازی؛ عوامل خاکسازی؛ خاک‌های ایران | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Factors and Processes of Soil Formation in Different Climates of Iran (A Review of Research in the Last Two Decades in the Soil Science Department of University of Tehran) | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Ahmad Heidari | ||
| Soil Science department, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Accurate knowledge of soils and their classification plays a decisive role in the application of various management systems. The purpose of this study is to summarize some of the results of studies in the form of dissertations and articles extracted from them on the factors and processes of soil formation in different climates of Iran during the two last decades performed in different climates of the country in the Department of Soil Science and Engineering, University of Tehran. Variety of soil-forming factors including climate, parent materials, topography, vegetation, and time have led to the emergence of various characteristics and classes based on the Soil Taxonomy system. The predominant morphological traits in the studied soils in each study area, including the existing limitations and advantages, have been determined. In addition to soil classes, morphological, micromorphological, physical, chemical, clay mineralogy, organic and inorganic carbon storage, and geochemistry of formed soils are described in detail. Of the 12 soil categories in the American Classification System, at least 7 categories, and of the 32 reference groups of the WRB System, there are at least 16 reference groups in the study areas. The micromorphological results proved the effect of aeolian sediments on the soils formed on the basalt. Illite and chlorite in the clay mineralogy of many soils of the studied areas indicate that the studied soils are young. Smectite was found in slightly more developed soils (Vertisols and Aridisols). The formation of allophanes from pyroclastic materials is also a proof of the predominance of aluminum over silicon in the early stages of their aeration. Almost all soil-forming processes in this research were studied and discussed, and from an educational and research point of view, a clear view of the country's soils was shown. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Clay Mineralogy, Soil Micromorphology, Geochemical Indices, Soil Organic Carbon, Soil Inorganic Carbon | ||
| مراجع | ||
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