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علمی, قربان. (1401). دین در دورۀ شانگ. , 55(2), 292-269. doi: 10.22059/jrm.2022.346901.630374
قربان علمی. "دین در دورۀ شانگ". , 55, 2, 1401, 292-269. doi: 10.22059/jrm.2022.346901.630374
علمی, قربان. (1401). 'دین در دورۀ شانگ', , 55(2), pp. 292-269. doi: 10.22059/jrm.2022.346901.630374
علمی, قربان. دین در دورۀ شانگ. , 1401; 55(2): 292-269. doi: 10.22059/jrm.2022.346901.630374

دین در دورۀ شانگ

مجله ادیان و عرفان
دوره 55، شماره 2، آذر 1401، صفحه 292-269    اصل مقاله (322.58 K)
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jrm.2022.346901.630374
نویسنده
قربان علمی*
دانشیار گروه ادیان و عرفان دانشگاه تهران
چکیده
این مقاله به بررسی ماهیت، مؤلفه‌ها و کارکرد دین در چین باستان، به‌ویژه دورۀ شانگ پرداخته است. بنابر آنچه از مطالعه و تحلیل آثار باقیمانده از دورۀ شانگ‌ ـ از جمله شمایل‌نگارهای روی ظرف‌های برنزی آیینی، نوشتۀ استخوان‌های پیشگویی، آرامگاه‌های سلطنتی و برخی از آثار متأخر (مانند کتاب شعر) ـ اطلاعاتی دربارۀ برخی عقاید و شعائر دینی آن‌ها به دست می‌آید. آیین دینی مردم شانگ دربردارندۀ باور به  شانگ‌تی، خدای متعالی، ارواح نیاکان، ارواح و خدایان طبیعت و اعتقاد به زندگی پس از مرگ بود. خدای متعالی در راس و بقیۀ ارواح و خدایان در مرتبۀ پایین‌تر بوده و کارگزار و تابع او بودند. ارتباط با ارواح، ایزدان و خدا جهت به‌دست‌آوردن شرایط زندگی مساعد، یا دست‌کم در امان ماندن از بلاها، در یک رابطۀ متقابل، با به‌جای‌آوردن مناسک همراه بوده است که مهم‌ترین آن‌ها خاک‌سپاری بسیار دقیق، پرستش خدا و ارواح و آئین قربانی بوده که شمن‌ها و خاندان سلطنتی، مخصوصاً  شاه، در آن ایفای نقش نموده و بر انجام شعائر دینی نظارت داشتند. این نشان می‌دهد دین شانگ مؤلفه‌های لازم برای دین‌بودن را داراست، و باور به شانگ‌دی هم آن را در زمرۀ یکتاپرستی قرار می‌دهد. پیوند محکمی میان دین و قدرت برقرار بود، به گونه‌ای که مذهب قدرت پادشاه را از نظر سیاسی محکم‌تر و در عین حال کنترل می‌کرد و قدرت سیاسی پادشاه نیز نفوذ مذهبی را تقویت می‌نمود.
کلیدواژه‌ها
دین؛ باورهای دینی؛ مناسک دینی؛ شانگ‌دی
عنوان مقاله [English]
Religion in the Shang period
نویسندگان [English]
GHorban Elmi
Associate Professor of Religions and Mysticism, Faculty of Theology and Islamic Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]
This article studies the nature, components and function of religion in ancient China, especially the Shang period. Therefore, the study and analysis of works left from that period, including iconography on ritual bronze vessels, writings on oracle bones, royal tombs, and some late works (such as poetry book), show information about their religious beliefs and rituals. The religion of Shang included the belief in Shang Di, the Supreme God, the spirits of ancestors, the spirits and gods of nature, and the belief in life after death. The Supreme God was at the top and the rest of the spirits and gods were at a lower level and were his agents and subordinates. Communicating with spirits, gods and God in order to obtain favorable living conditions, or at least to be safe from evils, in a mutual relationship, has been associated with the implementation of rituals; the most important of which is very detailed burial, worshiping God and spirits, and ritual of sacrifice, in which shamans and the royal family, especially the king, played a role and supervised the performance of religious rituals. This shows that the Shang religion has the necessary components of being a religion; and the belief in Shang-di also puts it in the category of monotheism. There was a strong link between religion and power, in such a way that religion strengthened the king's power politically and at the same time controlled it, and the king's political power strengthened the religious influence.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
Religion, religious beliefs, religious rituals, Shang Ti
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