پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 162 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 6,631 |
| تعداد مقالات | 71,608 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 127,046,799 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 100,027,473 |
بحران 2014 اوکراین و آثار و پیامدهای آن برای طرف‌های این بحران | ||
| مطالعات اوراسیای مرکزی | ||
| دوره 15، شماره 2، اسفند 1401، صفحه 1-22 اصل مقاله (603.22 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jcep.2023.343620.450073 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| سید داوود آقایی* 1؛ سهیل اعتصامی2 | ||
| 1استاد، گروه مطالعات منطقه‌ای، دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران | ||
| 2کارشناسی ارشد مطالعات منطقه‌ای، دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| اوکراین کشوری است با موقعیت ژئوپلیتیکی ویژه که در میان اتحادیۀ اروپا و روسیه قرار دارد. این وضعیت ژئوپلیتیکی سبب شده است اوکراین وارد درگیری‌های بین‌المللی شود که بیشتر میان سه قدرت روسیه، اتحادیۀ اروپا و ایالات متحد مطرح بوده است. درواقع اوکراین قربانی موقعیت ژئوپلیتیکی خود است که در طول تاریخ سبب درگیری‌ها و جابه‌جایی‌های قدرت در این کشور بوده و سبب شده است نتواند سیاست داخلی و خارجی مستقلی داشته باشد و همواره در میان شرق و غرب در نوسان بوده است. بحران اوکراین در سال 2014 را که به‌دنبال امضانکردن توافق‌نامۀ همکاری اوکراین با اتحادیۀ اروپا به‌‌‌وجود آمد، نیز می‌توان در چارچوب رقابت این قدرت‌ها در نظر گرفت. به همین دلیل، پیامدهای این بحران به اوکراین محدود نماند و برای همۀ طرف‌های درگیر در آن آثار و پیامدهای زیادی داشت. این پرسش مطرح است که این بحران برای اوکراین، روسیه، اتحادیۀ اروپا و آمریکا چه آثار و پیامدهایی داشته است؟ با استفاده از رویکرد توصیفی ـ تحلیلی و در قالب روش کیفی بر پایۀ تحلیل محتوا و با توجه به نظریۀ موازنۀ تهدید استفان والت که معتقد است که تهدید هستۀ مرکزی نگرانی‌های امنیتی را تشکیل می‌دهد، به این نتیجه رسیده‌ایم که این بحران سبب ایجاد دسته‌بندی جدیدی در عرصۀ بین‌المللی شده است که نمود آن نزدیک‌شدن اتحادیۀ اروپا به آمریکا و در نتیجه، رویارویی آن‌ها با روسیه است. درواقع این بحران سبب شده که کشورهای عضو جبهۀ غرب در برخورد با روسیه متحدتر شده و هدف واحدی را دنبال کنند که همان تضعیف روسیه است. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| آمریکا؛ اتحادیۀ اروپا؛ اوکراین؛ بحران؛ روسیه | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| The Crisis of 2014 in Ukraine and Its Effects and Consequences for Both Sides | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| seyed davood aghaee1؛ soheil etesami2 | ||
| 1Professor of Regional Studies, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University of Tehran | ||
| 2M.A in Regional Studies, Faculty of Law and Political Sciences, University of Tehran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Introduction: Every crisis that happens, the nature and messages of the actors are different. In other words, domestic crises have domestic effects and consequences, and international crises have international effects and consequences. The crisis may not be an exception to this rule and it has results and consequences, and these consequences will definitely expand with its continuation, but it can be recognized according to the effects of all and its consequences. What is certain is that this is the main cause of this crisis. Ukraine is a country with a special geopolitical position between the European Union and Russia. This geopolitical situation has caused Ukraine to inadvertently enter into international conflicts, which have generally been between the three powers of Russia, the European Union, and the United States. In fact, Ukraine has been a victim of geopolitical danger, which has always caused many conflicts and displacements in this country throughout history, and this issue has made it unable to have an independent internal policy and always fluctuate between the East and the East. The crisis of 2014 (Ukraine), which arose after the non-signing of the cooperation agreement between Ukraine and the European Union, can be considered in the framework of competition between great powers. Research Question: A question has been raised about this research, what is the impact of this crisis and does it have any consequences for European countries, Russia, Europe and the United States? Research Hypothesis: Every crisis that occurs has different nature and effects, actors and messages. In other words, domestic crises have domestic effects and consequences, and international crises have international effects and consequences. The crisis may not be an exception to this rule and it has results and consequences, and these consequences will definitely expand with the continuation of the crisis, but it can be recognized due to the continuity of all its effects and consequences. What is certain is that this issue is the main cause of this crisis. Methodology (and Theoretical Framework if there are): The research method is descriptive-analytical in the form of a qualitative method based on content analysis and using the threat balance theory as an intellectual framework. Stephen Walt believes that governments not only balance against power, but may also balance against threats. Walt believes that the threat is the core of countries' concern. To understand the extent of the threat, factors such as threatening intentions and behavior, geographic proximity, and offensive power of the threat source must also be considered. The situation of Ukraine is such that this country is placed between Russia and the West, and if each of the parties dominates this country, they will be in a higher position and will subsequently gain the ability to create threats. Russia felt threatened by Ukraine joining the European Union and NATO and considered it a strategic threat and reacted to it. In fact, Russia's sense of danger from the emerging threats led this country to adopt a balancing act against other powers. Results and Discussion: The crisis of 2014 in Ukraine, which led to the non-signing of the cooperation agreement between the representatives of this country and the European Union, can also be considered against this power. Yanukovych announced that he has no ally to join the European Union. This was followed by a demonstration in Kyiv’s Independence Square protesting Yanukovych's decision not to join the European Union. The demonstration turned violent. Following these developments and the deterioration of the local internal situation, Viktor Yanukovych was removed from the presidency, elections were held on May 25, 2014, and Petro Poroshenko was elected as the President of the Republic. Following these incidents, serious protests started in the east and south of the country. On February 26, pro-Russian separatists took control of the Crimean Peninsula. A few days after these events, on March 16, 2014, the people of Crimea joined Russia by holding a referendum, and this peninsula became part of Russian territory. After Crimea’s independence, separatists demonstrated in Luhansk and Donetsk, demanding secession from Kyiv. With the efforts of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the warring groups signed the Minsk Protocol in September 2014 with the aim of a ceasefire. After a month-long ceasefire, a second Minsk agreement was signed in February 2015 by the leaders of Britain, Russia, some French and German officials to revive the previous agreement. Therefore, the consequences of this crisis are not limited to everyone, but it has many effects and consequences for all parties involved. Conclusion: The crisis of 2014 was the result of the friction of the great powers, as well as the readiness of the internal conditions in Ukraine. Following this crisis, the demarcations of the Cold War era were reestablished, but in this period the competition was more economic and both sides benefited more from economic and political tools. EU-Russia relations were at a high level before the crisis, the volume of trade between these two powers was high, and these relations were not suitable for the United States because by destroying Russia, the world was moving towards multipolarity. This leads to a situation in which the United States can no longer exert power alone as a hegemon. Therefore, with this crisis, the relationship between Russia and the European Union has decreased significantly, and the European Union has approached the United States to deal with Russia and has increased its relations with this country. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| European Union, the United States, Ukraine, Crisis, Russia | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Alpher, Yossi (2014), "The Ukraine/Crimea Crisis: Ramifications for the Middle East", Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Center, Available at: https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/178914/81af1e66af64df3bd487c9162ab55028.pdf. (Accessed on: 25/11/2016). Bebler, Anton (2015), "The Russian Ukrainian Conflict over Crimea", Norwegian Atlantic Committee, Teorija in Praksa, Vol. 52, No. 1, pp. 196-219, Available at: www.jstor.org/stable/resrep11947.18, (Accessed on: 21/6/2016). Connolly, Richard (2014), "The Effects of the Ukraine Crisis on the Russian Economy", Policy brief, Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/resrep 06731.pdf?refreqid, (Accessed on: 8/7/2018). Ebrahimi, Shahrouz and Niknam Bebri (2015), ''Russia and NATO: From Strategic Partnership to Strategic Competition'',Central Asia and the Caucasus Studies, Vol. 22, No. 96, pp. 1-24, Available at: ca.ipisjournals.ir/article_ 24383_f75e7f335eac65d52fa8b337023d9f29.pdf (Accessed on: 13/5/2017). Gusev, Alexander and Kirsten Westphal (2015) ،"Russian Energy Policies Revisited: Assessing the Impact of The Crisis in Ukraine on Russian Energy Policies and Specifying the Implications for German and EU Energy Policies", Social Science Open Access Repository, Available at: https://www.ssoar.info/ ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/45907/ssoar-2015gusev_et_alRussian_energy_ policies_revisited_assessing.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar2015gusev_et_alRussian_energy_policies_revisited_assessing.pdf, (Accessed on: 13/5/2017). Łabuszewska, Anna (2015) ،"The Economic and Financial Crisis in Russia Background, Symptoms and Prospects, for the Future", OSW Report, 02/2015, Available at: https://www.osw.waw.pl/sites/default/files/raport_crisis_in_ russia_net.pdf, (Accessed on: 25/11/2015). Larrabee Stephen, Peter Wilson and John Gordon (2015) ، "The Ukrainian Crisis and Euopean Security, Implications for the United States and U.S. Army", RAND Corporation. Santa Monica, California, Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/j.ctt15sk8s2Search for reviews of this book, (Accessed on: 18/2/2018). Lilei, Song (2015), "The Ukraine Crisis: a Multidimensional Analysis in China," Eastern Journal of European Studies, Vol. 6, pp. 159-175, Available at: https://ideas.repec.org/a/jes/journl/y2015v6p159-175.html, (Accessed on: 25/11/2018). Lukyanov, Fyodor (2014), "Reverting to a Crossroad،" Russia in Global Affairs, No. 1, Available at: https://www.eng.globalaffairs.ru/articles/reverting-to-a-crossroads-2/ (Accessed on: 23/5/2015). Mearsheimer, John (2014)," Why the Ukraine Crisis is the West’s Fault", Foreign Affairs, pp. 1-12, Available at: https://www.mearsheimer.com/wp-content/ uploads/2019/06/Why-the-Ukraine-Crisis-Is.pdf (Accessed on: 17/12/2016). Mohammadi, Nasser (2011), "Ukraine", Zeitoun Sabz Cultural and Art Institute, (Accessed on: 17/8/2017). Moret, Erica, Biedsteker Thomas, Giumelli Francesco, Porte Clara, Veber Marusa, Bastiat Dawid and Bobocea Cristian (2016) ،"The New Deterrent? International Sanctions Against Russia over The Ukraine Crisis"، Published Online by the Programme for the Study of International Governance (PSIG) at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, Available at: file:///C:/Users/baran1/Downloads/InternationalSanctionsAgainst Russia.pdf, (Accessed on: 18/12/2017). Namazi, Seyyed Ali and Ehsan Rouhani (2016), ''Western Sanctions Against Russia'', Forign Relations, Vol. 9, No. 33, pp. 69-107. Available at: https://frqjournal.csr.ir/article-125801.html, (Accessed on: 13/2/2018). Nelson, Rebecca (2017), "U.S. Sanctions and Russia’s Economy", Specialist in International Trade and Finance, Congressional Research Service, Available at: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R43895.pdf (Accessed on: 19/5/2017). Noori, Alireza (2021), "The Nature of Russian and Chinese Revisionism; Iran’s Policy and Interests", Central Eurasia Studies, Vol. 14, No.2, pp. 371-396, (doi:10.22059/JCEP.2021.328326.450023). Raik, Kristi (2017) ،"The Ukraine Crisis as a Conflict over Europe’s Political, Economic and Security Order, Geopolitics", Geopolitics, Vol. 24, No.1, pp. 51-70, (doi: 10.1080/14650045.2017.1414046). Rostamy, Mohamad (2015), ''Ukraine Crisis, Regional Contexts and Extra-Regional Consequences", Journal of Central Asia and the Caucasus Studies, Vol. 85, pp: 35-64, Available at: https://ca.ipisjurnals.ir/issu-1153-1154.html). (Accessed on: 18/10/2017). Sabbaghian, Ali and Roya Rasooli (2021), ''Stability Analysis of Russia-EU Energy Relations after the Ukraine Crisis from Perspective of the Interdependence Theory'', Journal of Central Eurasia Studies, Vol. 14, No.1, pp. 177-201, (doi 10.22059/JCEP.2020.280927.449842) Soltani, Alireza and Reza Bahmanesh (2018), "European Union and Energy Security Challenges", Research Letter of International Relations, Vol. 4, No. 17, pp. 211-241, Available at: https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/articlepage/1086261 (Accessed on: 19/11/2018). Svarin, David (2016) ،"The Construction of Geopolitical Spaces in Russian Foreign Policy Discourse Before and after the Ukraine Crisis", Journal of Eurasian Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp .129–140 (doi: 10.1016/j.euras.2015.11.002). Szczepański, Marcin (2015), "Economic Impact on the EU of Sanctions over Ukraine Conflict"، European Parliamentary Research Service, October 2015, Available at: www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2015/569020/ EPRS_BRI (2015) 569020_EN.pdf (Accessed on: 25/4/2017). Trenin, Dmitri (2016), “Russia-NATO: Controlling Confrontation”, Politique étrangère, Vol. 81, pp. 87-97, Available at: https://www.cairnint.info/journal-politique-etrangere-2016-4-page-87.htm, (Accessed on: 14/9/2016). Walt, Stephen (1985), “Alliance Formation and the Balance of World Power”, International Security, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 3-43, Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/2538540 (Accessed on: 12/3/2017). Walt, Stephen (1987), The Origins of Alliances, NY: Cornell University Press, Chapters 1, 2, 5, Available at: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt32b5fc (Accessed on: 16/6/2017). Yurgens, Igor (2014), The West vs. Russia: The Unintended Consequences of Targeted Sanctions, Available at: https://www.noormags.ir/view/fa/ articlepage/1086261 (Accessed on: 15/11/2017). | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 757 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 795 |
||
سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی. قدرت گرفته از سیناوب