تعداد نشریات | 161 |
تعداد شمارهها | 6,532 |
تعداد مقالات | 70,500 |
تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 124,091,111 |
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 97,195,064 |
تعهدات بینالمللی دولت در صیانت از آبخوانهای فرامرزی | ||
مطالعات حقوق انرژی | ||
دوره 8، شماره 2، اسفند 1401، صفحه 315-332 اصل مقاله (657.27 K) | ||
نوع مقاله: علمی پژوهشی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jrels.2023.332095.462 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
ارسلان درجی1؛ ولی رستمی* 2؛ محمدمهدی غمامی3 | ||
1دانشجوی دکتری، حقوق عمومی، گروه حقوق دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد نجفآباد، اصفهان، ایران. | ||
2استاد ،گروه حقوق عمومی ، دانشکدة حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. | ||
3دانشیار، گروه حقوق عمومی و بینالملل، دانشکدة معارف اسلامی و حقوق، دانشگاه امام صادق ، تهران، ایران. | ||
چکیده | ||
دولت بهمنظور حفاظت از آبخوانهای فرامرزی و جلوگیری از آلودگی آنها، وظایفی را برعهده دارد. این وظایف بهموجب قوانین و مقررات بینالمللی تبیین شده است. اگرچه در حوزة داخلی، قوانین مرتبط ازجمله قانون توزیع عادلانة آب، وظایف و اختیارات دولت را بهخوبی مشخص کرده است. اما با توجه به پراکندگی مقررات بینالمللی، وظایف برونمرزی دولت با ابهام روبهرو شده است. اصول مندرج در کنوانسیونهای بینالمللی در حوزة آبخوانها و محیطزیست، مهمترین تکالیف برای صیانت از آبخوانهای فرامرزی است؛ زیرا غالباً مقررات بینالمللی بر پایة اصولی که در این مقاله به آن خواهیم پرداخت، تدوین شدهاند. این نوشتار با معرفی و بررسی اصول مندرج در قوانین و مقررات بینالملل، وظایف و تعهدات دولت را در حفاظت از آبخوانهای فرامرزی مورد شناسایی قرار میدهد. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
آبهای زیرزمینی؛ آبخوان فرامرزی؛ اصول حقوقی بینالمللی؛ تعهدات؛ دولت | ||
عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
International Obligations of the Government in the Protection of Cross-Border Waters | ||
نویسندگان [English] | ||
arsalan Dorji1؛ vali Rostami2؛ M.Mahdi Ghamamy3 | ||
1PhD Student in Public Law. Department of Law, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran. | ||
2Associate Professor, Department of Public Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran,Tehran, Iran. | ||
3 Associate Professor, Faculty of Islamic Studies and Law of Imam Sadiq University,Tehran, Iran. | ||
چکیده [English] | ||
The Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran has responsibilities in order to protect groundwater and prevent its pollution. These duties are explained by domestic and international laws and regulations. In the domestic sphere, relevant laws, including the law on equitable distribution of water, define the duties and powers of the government. However, due to the dispersion of international regulations, the government's overseas duties are not well explained. International treaties and rules in the field of groundwater and the environment set out principles for governments that must be complied with, and what is at stake is: what is the international obligations of the government in the protection of groundwater? This article examines the binding principles contained in international laws and regulations, examines the duties and obligations of governments, including the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the protection of groundwater. | ||
کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
Groundwater, Cross-border waters, Principles of International Law, Government, Obligations | ||
مراجع | ||
منابع
الف) فارسی
https://he.srbiau.ac.ir/article_6937.html(12 خرداد 1400)
https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=161257 (10 شهریور 1400)
https://dx.doi.org/10.22034/jest.2017.11078
https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=252322 (14 مرداد 1400)
https://dx.doi.org/10.22059/jrels.2016.62725
https://dx.doi.org/10.22054/qjpl.2015.1752
ب) خارجی
16. Barberis, Julio (1991). “The Development of International Law of Transboundary Groundwater”. Natural Resources Journal, Vol.31, Issue 1. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24883616 (accessed 30 May 2021). 17. Boisson de Chazournes, Laurence (2013). Fresh Water in International Law. Oxford University Press. 18. Bodansky, Daniel (1995). “Customary (and Not so Customary) International Environmental Law”. Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, Vol. 3. pp. 105-119. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20644611 (accessed 2 June 2021). 19. Crawford, James (2006). Brownlies Principle of Public International Law. Oxford Universiey Press. 20. Ciss Hassane, Bradlow Daniel, Kingsbury, Benedict (2012). “The world bank legal”. review: international financial institutions and global legal governance law, justice, and development series, The world bank legal review, volume 3. 21. Coghlin, John H (1991). “The ALL-American Canal Project Sparks Test Case for Transboundary Groundwater Law”. Boston College International and Comparative Law Review, Vol, 14, Issue 1 (accessed 6 June 2021). 22. Eckstein, Gabriel (1995). “Application or International Water Law to Transboundary Groundwater Resources, and the Slovak-Hungarian Dispute over Gabcikovo-Nagymaros”. Suffolk Transnational Law Review,Vol 19, Issue 1 (accessed 7 June 2021). 23. Eckstein, Gabriel (2006). “A Hydrogeological Perspective of the Status of Groundwater Resources Under the UN Watercourse Convention”. Columbia Journal of Environmental Law, Vol. 30, Issue 3 (accessed 8 June 2021). 24. Eckstein, Gabriel (2005). “Protecting a Hidden Treasure: The U.N International Law Commission and International Law of Transboundary groundwater Resources”. Sustainable Development Law&Policy, Vol 5, Issue 1 (accessed 8 June 2021). 25. Goldenman, Gretaa (1990). “Adapting to climate Change: A Study of international Rivers and Their Legal Arrangements”. Ecolioy Law Quarterly, vol 17, Issue 4, pp. 741-802. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24113057 (accessed 9 May 2021). 26. Hayton, Robert D (1991). “Observations on the international law commission Draft Rules on the Non-Navigational uses of international Watercourses (Articles 1-4)”. Colorado journal of international Environmental Law and policy. 27. Helal, Mohammad (2007). “Sharing Blue gold: The 1997 U.N. Convention of the law of the Non-navigational Uses of international watercourses ten years on”. Colorado Journal Of International Environment Law and Policy, vol. 18, No2. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2616115 (accessed 9 June 2021). 28. Louka, Elli. International Environmwental Law: Fairness, Effectiveness, and World OrderCambridge University Press. 29. Martin-Nagle, Renee (2016). Transboundary Offshor Aquifers (a search for a Governance Regime). Brill Press. 30. McCaffrey, Stephen C (2002). The Law of International Watercourses, 2nd. New York: Oxford university Press. 31. Sands, Philippe&Jacqueline, Peelwith&Adriana, Fabra and Ruth Mackenzie (2018). Principles of International Environmental Law. Cambridge University Press. 32. Schwebel, Stephen M (1980). “Special Rapporteur, Second Report on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercouses”. UN Document A/CN.4/332. 33. Stitt, Tracy (2005). “Evaluating The Preliminary Draft Articles on Transboundary Groundwaters presented by special Rapporteur chusei yamada at the 56th session of the international law commission in Geneva”. Georgetown international Environmental Law Review, Vol. 17(2). 34. Trail Smelter case (USA, Canada). 16 April 1938 and 11 March 1941, United Nations: Rports of international arbitral awards, Volume III. 35. Traversi, Christine (2011). “The Inadequacies Of The 1997 Convention On International Water Courses and 2008 Draft Articles on The Law of Transboundary Aquifers”. Houston journal of international law, vol.33:2 (accessed 8 July 2021). 36. Vick, Margaret J (2008). “International Water Law and Sovereignty: A Discussion of the ILC Draft”. pacific McGeorge Global Business and Development law Journal, Vol. 21. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/globe/vol21/iss2/7 (accessed 15 April 2021). 37. Weiss, Edith Brown (2013). “The evolution of international water law”. collected courses of the Hague Academy of international Law. Vol 331 (Accessed 8 June 2021). | ||
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 249 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 254 |