تعداد نشریات | 161 |
تعداد شمارهها | 6,532 |
تعداد مقالات | 70,501 |
تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 124,115,119 |
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 97,219,039 |
تأثیر عوامل محیط زیستی بر مهاجرتهای داخلی در ایران با تأکید بر خشکسالی | ||
محیط شناسی | ||
مقاله 2، دوره 49، شماره 2، شهریور 1402، صفحه 141-160 اصل مقاله (1.26 M) | ||
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jes.2023.338258.1008282 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
فائزه خواجهزاده* 1؛ محمدجلال عباسیشوازی1؛ رسول صادقی2 | ||
1گروه جمعیت شناسی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران | ||
2گروه جمعیت شناسی دانشکده علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه تهران | ||
چکیده | ||
با توجه به اینکه در سالهای اخیرخشکسالی ومهاجرت در کانون توجه پژوهشگران و سیاستگذاران بوده است. مقاله پیشرو با روش ترکیبی سعی کردهاست رابطۀ میان خشکسالی ومهاجرت داخلی را بررسیکند. دربخش کمّی با محاسبۀ خشکسالی 30 سالۀ برای 110 شهرستان کشور با استفاده از شاخص SPI به بررسی ارتباط خشکسالی با میزان مهاجرفرستی در شهرستانهای منتخب پرداختهشد. در بخش کیفی، باحضور در دو بخش «نگینکویر» و بخش «طسوج» شرایط موجود تحلیل شدهاست. نتایج بخش کمّی نشان داد خشکسالی در مناطق بسیارخشک با میزان مهاجرفرستی آن مناطق همبستگی بالایی دارد ولی در سایر مناطق اقلیمی کشور این رابطه معنادار نبودهاست. همچنین، نتایج بخش کیفی مطالعه حاکی ازآن است که خشکسالی از دو طریق زندگی افراد ساکن دراین مناطق را تحت تأثیر قرارمیدهد: بهخطرانداختن معاش و بهخطرانداختن سلامت. مهاجرت همواره بهعنوان آخرین گزینۀ حل مسأله مطرح میشود و پیشازآن، افراد ساکن در این مناطق سعی میکنند با استفاده از استراتژیهای انطباق با این معضل روبه رو شوند. ساکنان مناطق کمترتوسعهیافته درمقایسه با ساکنان مناطق توسعهیافتهتر، امکان کمتری برای انطباق با شرایط جدید دارند و استراتژیهای انطباق در این مناطق نتوانسته جایگزین مناسبی باشد و افراد مجبور به مهاجرت میشوند. بنابراین تأثیر خشکسالی بر مهاجرت، تحت تأثیر اقلیم، بسترهای اقتصادی و سطح توسعه مناطق است. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
خشکسالی؛ مهاجرت اجباری؛ مهاجرت زیستمحیطی؛ شاخص SPI؛ روش تحقیق ترکیبی | ||
عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
The impact of environmental factors on internal migration in Iran with a focus on drought | ||
نویسندگان [English] | ||
Faezeh Khajehzadeh1؛ Mohammad jalal Abbasi shavazi1؛ Rasoul Sadeghi2 | ||
1Department of Demography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. | ||
2Department of Demography, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. | ||
چکیده [English] | ||
Climate change and its consequences for residents in various regions have led to environmental migration, which has become in the center of attention of researchers and policymakers. Using mixed method approach, this paper aims to understand the relationship between drought and internal migration. Accordingly, in the quantitative part, by estimating the 30-year drought level for 110 counties using the SPI index and out-migration rates of the selected counties, the relation between these two variables was examined. The results show that drought in dry regions has a positive relationship with migration in these regions. However, no correlation was found in other areas of the country with different climates. In order to better understand the issue, two districts of Negin Kavir in Kerman Province and Tasooj in Fars Province, which are regions with very dry climates, respectively, have been investigated. A sample of residents of each region were in-depth interviewed about the effects of drought on their lives. The results indicate that drought affects the residents of these regions in two ways: risking their livelihoods and risking people’s health. In the occurrence of continuous droughts, migration is considered as a last solution to the problem, and prior to that the residents of such regions try to confront this problem by adjusting their lives with these new conditions. However, in comparison with residents of more developed regions, residents of less-developed regions have a less opportunity to adapt with the new condition. Accordingly, adaptation strategies in these regions have failed, and people were forced to migrate. Therefore, the impact of drought on migration depends upon the climate situation as well as regional economic contexts and development level. | ||
کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
drought, forced migration, environmental migration, SPI index, mixed methods research | ||
مراجع | ||
AliYazdi, H. (2014). The reasons for the migration of Yazidis to Qoms and their role in the economic, social and cultural situation of the region, Master Thesis, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University of Shahroud. (In Persian). Atashi, S. (1390). Assessing the socio-economic effects of drought on the agricultural sector of Yazd-Ardakan plain, Master Thesis, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. (In Persian). Annual of the National Drought Center, 2015. (In Persian). Bates, D. C. (2002). “Environmental refugees? Classify human migrations caused by environmental change.” Population and Environment, Vol. 23, No.5, p 467. Black, R., Kniveton, D., Skeldon, R., Coppard, D., Murata, A., & Schmidt-Verkerk, K. (2008). Demographics and climate change: Future trends and their policy implications for migration. Development Research Centre on Migration, Globalisation and Poverty. Brighton: University of Sussex. Daniel, S. E., Tsoulfas, G. T., Pappis, C. P., & Rachaniotis, N. P. (2004). Aggregating and evaluating the results of different Environmental Impact Assessment methods. Ecological indicators, 4(2), 125-138. De Jong, (1981). International and Internal Migration Decision Making: A Value-Expectancy Based Analytical Framework of Intentions to Move from a Rural Philippine Province, Population and Environment volume 8, pages41–62. Dehmardeh, M. (2010). Investigating the importance of Hamoon Wetland in eliminating poverty and unemployment and reducing the migration of the residents of Hamoon Wetland. International Water Crisis Conference, No. 1, pp. 24-35. (In Persian). Fredrickson, C., Heaton, T. B., Fuguitt, G. V., & Zuiches, J. J. (1980). Residential preferences in a model of migration intentions. Population & Environment, 3(3), 280-297. Gardner (1981). Human behavior, environmental problem and social wellness: An interdisciplinary exploration, 5(87), 875- Gemenne, F. (1998). How they became the human face of climate change. Research and policy interactions in the birth of the ‘environmental migration’concept. Migration and Climate Change, Vol. 880. Ghadiri Masoom, M. and Baghiani, H. (2012). Population movements in geographical areas of Iran and its consequences, Human Geography Research, No. 45, p. 4. (In Persian). Gray, C. & Bilsborrow, R. (2010). “Environmental influences on outmigration in rural Ecuador”. Population Association of America, April 15-17. Henry, S., Schoumaker, B. & Beauchemin, C. (2004). “The impact of rainfall on the first out-migration: A multi-level event-history analysis in Burkina Faso”. Population and Environment, vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 433-460. Hunter, L. M. (2005). Migration and environmental hazards. Population & Environment, 26(4), 273-302. Hugo, G. (2008). Migration, Development and Environment. Geneva: International Organization for Migration. Javadi, M. & Ahqari, Y. (2007). Drought, Consequences and Strategies to Deal with it, Proceedings of the Drought Conference, pp. 98-110. (In Persian). Jolie E, Klinkmueller M, Moeck I, & Bruhn, D. (1993). Linking gas fuxes at Earth’s surface with fracture zones in an active geothermal. 44:187–90. Keshavarz, M. et al. (2012). Factors Affecting Rural Migration Due to Drought, Quarterly Journal of Rural and Development, Volume 16, Number 1, pp. 56. (In Persian). Meze-Hausken, E. (2000). “Migration caused by climate change: How vulnerable are people in dryland areas? A case study in northern Ethiopia” Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 380-406. Mohammadi Yeganeh, B. (2004). Structural Attitudes Toward Migration and Rural Instability: A Case Study of Zanjan Province (1976-75), PhD Thesis, Department of Human Geography, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran. (In Persian). Mousavi, M. & Ganjian, M. (2009). A Look at Rural Migration in Iran, Tehran, Rural Research Center of the Ministry of Jihad Agriculture. (In Persian). Munshi, K. (2003). “Networks in the modern economy: Mexican migrants in the US Labor Market”. Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 118, No. 2. Myers, N. (1993). Environmental refugees in a globally warmed world. Bioscience, 43(11), 752-761. Myers, N. (1997). Environmental refugees. Population & Environment, 19(2), 167-182. Parnwell, M. (1993). Population movements and the third world, Vol 17, Issue 4, pp. 152. Petersen, W. (1958). A general typology of migration. American Sociological Review, 23(3), 256-266. Rahmati, L (2011). A Study of Different Drought Coping Strategies with Emphasis on Migration from Rural to Urban in Fars Province, M.Sc. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University. (In Persian). Rezaei, H. (2012). Analysis of the effects of drought on rural economy and population instability; Case study: Abarkooh city (2006-2007), Master Thesis, Faculty of Humanities, Zanjan University. (In Persian). Samadi, A. (2015). Evaluation of meteorological drought monitoring indicators with the help of ground data in some climatic samples of Iran; Master Thesis, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran. (In Persian). Serra, G. (2015). UN-FAO, UNDP, Govt. of Syria, Govt. of Samoa. still in time to save the eastern population? Oryx, 38 (1): 1-7. Sharifi Moghaddam Maryabidar, M. (2008). Investigating the causes of water changes in Gonabad plain during the years (2007-2007) and its economic and social consequences; Master Thesis, Faculty of Social Sciences and Economics, Payame Noor University. (In Persian). Speare, A. (1974). Residential satisfaction as an intervening variable in residential mobility, Demography: volume 11, pages173–188. Tahan, F. (2012). Implications of Droughts of the Last Two Decades on Village Decay (Case Study, Khorasan Razavi), National Conference on Rural Development. (3) 13, pp.58-70. (In Persian). Veronis, L. & McLeman, R. (2014). Empirical research on international environmental migration: a systematic review. Population and environment, 36(1), 111-135. Warner, K. (2011). Environmental change and migration: methodological considerations from ground-breaking global survey. Population and environment, 33(1), 3. Wolpert, J. (1966). Migration as an Adjustment to Environmental Stress, Social Issues. Volume22, Issue4. Zelinsky, W. (1983). The impasse in migration theory: a sketch map for potential escapees. | ||
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 454 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 391 |