تعداد نشریات | 161 |
تعداد شمارهها | 6,532 |
تعداد مقالات | 70,500 |
تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 124,086,009 |
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 97,189,508 |
ارزیابی خطر تهدید سلامتی انسان ناشی از نیترات موجود در خیار، گوجهفرنگی و توتفرنگیهای تولیدی در شهرستان جیرفت | ||
تحقیقات آب و خاک ایران | ||
دوره 54، شماره 9، آذر 1402، صفحه 1251-1268 اصل مقاله (1.53 M) | ||
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/ijswr.2023.361264.669519 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
مژگان یگانه* 1؛ رضوانه توپال نیا2؛ اردوان کمالی3؛ حسین شکفته4؛ هادی احمدی5 | ||
1بخش تحقیقاتی شیمی و فیزیک خاک و فناوری کود، موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران | ||
2گروه مهندسی علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه ولی عصر (عج) رفسنجان، رفسنجان، ایران. | ||
3گروه مهندسی علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی دانشگاه ولی عصر (عج) رفسنجان، رفسنجان، ایران | ||
4گروه مهندسی علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه جیرفت، جیرفت، ایران | ||
5گروه مهندسی علوم خاک، پردیس کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، دانشگاه تهران، کرج، ایران | ||
چکیده | ||
استفاده بی رویه از کودهای نیتروژنی سبب تجمع نیترات در محصولات کشاورزی به ویژه سبزیجات میشود. بالا بودن غلظت نیترات در سبزیجات میتواند سلامت جامعه را تهدید کند. بررسی وضعیت میزان نیترات به عنوان یکی از ویژگیهای کیفیت محصولات و برآورد میزان ورود روزانه و تعیین پتانسیل خطر ابتلا به بیماریهای غیر سرطانی. نمونه برداری در سال 1398 از میوه و خاک گلخانههای خیار و توتفرنگی و مزرعه خیار و گوجهفرنگی شهرستان جیرفت انجام شد. غلظت نیترات در نمونهها به روش تقطیر اندازهگیری شد. میانگین غلظت نیترات در توتفرنگی، گوجهفرنگی، خیار گلخانه ای و خیار مزرعه ای به ترتیب 23/55، 86/16، 16/64 39/44 میلیگرم بر کیلوگرم وزن تر و کمتر از حد مجاز نیترات براساس استاندارد روسیه و استاندارد ملی ایران بود. مقادیر محاسبه شده میزان جذب روزانه پایینتر از حد مجاز تعیین شده (7/3 میلیگرم بر کیلوگرم وزن بدن) بود. شاخص خطر در تمام محصولات کمتر از 1 بود که کمترین مقدار آن در توتفرنگی و برای دخترهای کمتر از 6 سال (00086/0) و بیشترین مقدار آن در خیار گلخانه و برای دخترهای کمتر از 6 سال و پسرهای 7 تا 14 سال (0615/0) مشاهده شد. بدین ترتیب توتفرنگی کمترین و خیار گلخانهای بیشترین پتانسیل خطر تهدید سلامتی را برای مصرفکنندگان دارد. باتوجه به شاخص خطر پذیری کمتر از 1 برای همه گروههای سنی احتمال مواجهه با بیماریهای غیر سرطانی ناشی از نیترات از طریق مصرف سبزیجات در منطقه جیرفت به طور جدی وجود ندارد. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
ارزیابی خطر؛ تجمع نیترات؛ توت فرنگی؛ خیار؛ گوجه فرنگی | ||
عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
Human health risk assessment caused by nitrate in cucumbers, tomatoes and strawberries produced in Jiroft city | ||
نویسندگان [English] | ||
Mojgan Yeganeh1؛ Rezvaneh Toopalnia2؛ Ardavan Kamali3؛ Hosein Shekofteh4؛ Hadi Ahmadi5 | ||
1Research Department of Soil Chemistry and Physics and Fertilizer Technology, Soil and Water Research Institute (SWRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran | ||
2Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran | ||
3Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran | ||
4Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran | ||
5Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran | ||
چکیده [English] | ||
Indiscriminate use of nitrogen fertilizers causes the accumulation of nitrate in agricultural products, especially vegetables. The high concentration of nitrate in vegetables can threaten the health of society. The purpose of this study is to investigate the status of nitrate as one of the characteristics of product quality and to estimate the daily uptake and determine the hazard quotients (HQ) of the non-cancerous diseases. Sampling of soil and fruit from a greenhouse (cucumber and strawberry) and a field (cucumber and tomato) in Jiroft was done in 2019. Nitrate concentration was measured by the distillation method.The average concentration of nitrate in strawberries, tomatoes, greenhouse cucumbers and field cucumbers was 55.23, 16.86, 64.16 and 44.39 mg/kg of fresh weight, respectively which were less than the standard limit of nitrates based on the Russian and Iran national standards. The calculated daily uptake was lower than the permitted level (3.7 mg/kg BW). HQ in all products was less than 1, of which the lowest amount was found in strawberries for girls under 6 years old (0.00086) and the highest amount was found in greenhouse cucumbers for girls under 6 years old and for boys 7-14 years old (0.0615). Therefore, strawberry has the least and the greenhouse cucumber has the most health threat potential for the health of consumers. According to the risk index of less than 1 for all age groups, there is no possibility of encountering non-cancerous diseases caused by nitrates through the consumption of vegetables in Jiroft region. | ||
کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
cucumber, nitrate accumulation, risk assessment, strawberry, tomato | ||
مراجع | ||
Abbaszadeh, M., Zarifian Sobhani, R. (2008). Investigating the accumulation of nitrates in tomatoes due to the use of nitrogen fertilizers. Paper presented at the first national congress of tomato production and processing technology, Mashhad, Iran. (In Persian) Aghili, F., Khoshgoftarmanesh, A. H., Afyuni, M., & Schulin, R. (2009). Health risks of heavy metals through consumption of greenhouse vegetables grown in central Iran. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 15(5), 999-1015. Ali Ehyaei, M., and Behbahani Zadeh, A. A. (1993). Methods of soil chemical analysis. Soil and Water Research Institute. (In Persian) Beheshti, M., Shahbazi, K., Bazargan, K., & Malekzadeh, E. (2019). Study of Nitrate Status in Tomatoes and Cucumbers Distributed in the Alborz Province Market. Alborz University of Medical sciences Journal, 8(3), 281-299. (In Persian) Bouyoucos, G. J. (1962). Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analyses of soils 1. Agronomy journal, 54(5), 464-465. Cavaiuolo, M., & Ferrante, A. (2014). Nitrates and glucosinolates as strong determinants of the nutritional quality in rocket leafy salads. Nutrients, 6(4), 1519-1538. Chan, T. Y. (2011). Vegetable-borne nitrate and nitrite and the risk of methaemoglobinaemia. Toxicology letters, 200(1-2), 107-108. Colla, G., Kim, H. J., Kyriacou, M. C., & Rouphael, Y. (2018). Nitrate in fruits and vegetables. Scientia Horticulturae, 237, 221-238. Crock, J. G. (2006). Mercury. In: D. L., Sparks (ed), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3, Chemical methods. Agron. Monogr. 9. ASA, Madison, WI. 769-791 Dejon, C. W., & Stekbaut, W. (1995). Nitrate in food commodities vegetable origin and the total diet in belgium, ghent university. Faculties Bio-Ingenious Wetenschappen (FLTBW), 15, 625-631. Doomary, H. (2015). Nitrate measurement and investigation of factors affecting its amount in economic and high production vegetables in Jiroft region. PhD Thesis, Health and Food Quality Control, University of Tehran. (In Persian) Doomary, H. and Shahdadi, F. (2015). Investigating the amount of nitrate in strawberries grown in Jiroft city. Paper presented at the first international conference and the second national conference on agriculture, environment and food security, Jiroft, Iran. (In Persian) Doomary, H., Kamkar, A., & Sharifi, H. (2017). Study of nitrate content and the effective factors on it in the cucumbers of Jiroft area. Journal of Veterinary Research, 72(3), 363- 373. (In Persian) EU Scientific Committee for Food, (1995). Opinion on Nitrate and Nitrite (Expressed on 22 September 1995), Annex 4 to Document III/56/95, CS/CNTM/NO3/20-FINAL. European Commission DG III, Brussels. Foth, H. D. (2005). Fundamentals of Soil Sciences. Sixth edition. Translated by: Mahmoudi, Sh. and Hakimian, M. Tehran: Tehran university publication. (In Persian) Haftbaradaran, S., Malakouti, M. J., & Khoshgoftarmanesh, A. H. (2018). Investigation of nitrate risk assessment in edible parts of some crops grown in Isfahan province. Applied Soil Research, 6(1), 1-12. (In Persian) Hammad, S. A., Abou-Seeda, M. A., El-Ghamry, A. M., & Selim, E. M. (2007). Nitrate accumulation in spinach plants by using N-fertilizer types in alluvial soil. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 3(7), 511-518. Hashemi Majd, K., Fathi achachiloi, B. (2008). Estimation of nitrate dietary intake to food of Ardabil citizens. Agricultural Science, 95(1), 91-99. Hou, J. C., gang Jiang, C., & chen Long, Z. (2013). Nitrite level of pickled vegetables in Northeast China. Food Control, 29(1), 7-10. Hsu, J., Arcot, J., & Lee, N. A. (2009). Nitrate and nitrite quantification from cured meat and vegetables and their estimated dietary intake in Australians. Food Chemistry, 115(1), 334-339. Huarte-Mendicoa, J. C., Astiasaran, I., & Bello, J. (1997). Nitrate and nitrite levels in fresh and frozen broccoli. Effect of freezing and cooking. Food chemistry, 58(1-2), 39-42. Inal, A., & Tarakcioglu, C. (2001). Effects of nitrogen forms on growth, nitrate accumulation, membrane permeability, and nitrogen use efficiency of hydroponically grown bunch onion under boron deficiency and toxicity. Journal of plant nutrition, 24(10), 1521-1534. Khoshgoftarmanesh, A. H. (2007). Basics of Plant Nutrition. First Edition. Isfahan: Isfahan University of Technology publication. (In Persian) Khoshgoftarmanesh, A. H., Aghili, F., & Sanaeiostovar, A. (2009). Daily intake of heavy metals and nitrate through greenhouse cucumber and bell pepper consumption and potential health risks for human. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 60(1), 199-208. Kladivko, E. J., Frankenberger, J. R., Jaynes, D. B., Meek, D. W., Jenkinson, B. J., & Fausey, N. R. (2004). Nitrate leaching to subsurface drains as affected by drain spacing and changes in crop production system. Journal of environmental quality, 33(5), 1803-1813. Klute, A. (1986). Method of soil Analysis part I- Physical and Mineralogical Methods. Second edition. Agronomy NO. 9, America Soprety of Agronomy, Inc. Soil Science Society of America, Inc. Publisher Madison, Wisconsin. United States of America. Lundberg, J. O., Weitzberg, E., & Gladwin, M. T. (2008). The nitrate–nitrite–nitric oxide pathway in physiology and therapeutics. Nature reviews Drug discovery, 7(2), 156-167. Magnusson, B. and Ornemark, U. (eds.), (2014). Eurachem Guide: The Fitness for Purpose of Analytical Methods – A Laboratory Guide to Method Validation and Related Topics, (2nd ed). ISBN 978-91-87461-59-0. Malakouti, M. J. and Gheibi, M. N. (2000). Determination of critical levels of nutrients in soil, plant and fruits In order to increase the quantitative and qualitative yield of the country's strategic products. Second Edition. Tehran Agricultural Education publication. (In Persian) Malkouti, M. J. (2002). Investigating the effect of nitrogen fertilizers on the accumulation of nitrates in In the vegetables of the country's farms. Final report, Agricultural Research and Education Organization, Tehran, Iran. (In Persian) Merusi, C., Corradini, C., Cavazza, A., Borromei, C., & Salvadeo, P. (2010). Determination of nitrates, nitrites and oxalates in food products by capillary electrophoresis with pH-dependent electroosmotic flow reversal. Food chemistry, 120(2), 615-620. Nabrzyski, M., & Gajewska, R. (1994). The content of nitrates and nitrites in fruits, vegetables and other foodstuffs. Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny, 45(3), 167-180. Noguero, M., & Lacombe, B. (2016). Transporters involved in root nitrate uptake and sensing by Arabidopsis. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7, 1-7. Olsen, S. R., & Sommers, L. E. (1990). Phosphorus. method of soil analysis. Agronomy Monogeraph., ASA, Madison, Wisconsin, 403-431. Onyesom, I., & Okoh, P. N. (2006). Quantitative analysis of nitrate and nitrite contents in vegetables commonly consumed in Delta State, Nigeria. British Journal of Nutrition, 96(5), 902-905. Pirsaheb, M., Sharafi, K., & Morad, M. (2013). A survey on nitrite and nitrate levels in vegetables and cucurbits cultivated in northern and western plains of Kermanshah City in 2012. Food Hygiene, 3(1 (9)), 77-88. (In Persian) Pourmoghim, M., Khoshtinat, K. H., Golestan, B., & Pirali, M. (2010). Determination of nitrate contents of lettuce, tomatoes and potatoes on sale in Tehran central fruit and vegetable market by HPLC. Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences & Food Technology, 5(1), 63-70. Rahmani, H. R. (2006). Investigation of nitrate pollution in the soil, water and plants in same agricultural fields in Baraan (Esfahan). Environmental Sciences, 11, 23- 34. (In Persian) Rathod, K. S., Velmurugan, S., & Ahluwalia, A. (2016). A ‘green’diet‐based approach to cardiovascular health? Is inorganic nitrate the answer? Molecular nutrition & food research, 60(1), 185-202. Roohani, N. (2012). Human zinc nutrition in arid regions with zinc deficiency in soils and crops: a case study in central Iran (Doctoral dissertation, ETH Zurich). RoustaA, M. J., LotfiB, E., ShamsalamC, N., MousaviD, F., & Soleiman, L. (2010). Nitrate situation in some vegetables and the necessity of crop production via organic farming. Paper presented at the 19th World Congress of Soil Science. Brisbane, Australia. Salardini, A. 1997. Soil Fertility and Fertilizers. Tehran: Tehran university publication. (In Persian) Salarinejad, P., Sharif, M., Rashidi, M. L., and Rudbari, Z. (2019). Evaluation of nitrate concentration of greenhouse strawberry in Jiroft region, Paper presented at the second international conference and the third national conference on agriculture, environment and food security. Jiroft, Iran. (In Persian) Santamaria, P. (2006). Nitrate in vegetables: toxicity, content, intake and EC regulation. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 86(1), 7-10. Seilsepour, M. (2020). Study of nitrate concentration in Varamin plain leafy vegetables and evaluation of its risk for human. Horticultural Plants Nutrition, 3(1), 69-86. Shahlaei, A., Ansari, N. A., & Dehkordie, F. S. (2007). Evaluation of nitrate and nitrite content of Iran Southern (Ahwaz) vegetables during winter and spring of 2006. Asian Journal of Plant Sciences, 6(1), 12-97. Suitable Food Basket for Iranian Society (2013). Ministry of Health and Medical Education. National Number: 3293288. Andishe Mandegar, Qom. (In Persian) Sušin, J., Kmecl, V., & Gregorčič, A. (2006). A survey of nitrate and nitrite content of fruit and vegetables grown in Slovenia during 1996–2002. Food additives and contaminants, 23(4), 385-390. Tafazzoli, A. 2001. Strawberry cultivation. Technical bulletin (16), Jihad University Publishing Organization. Shiraz: Shiraz University. (In Persian) Thomson, B. M., Nokes, C. J., & Cressey, P. J. (2007). Intake and risk assessment of nitrate and nitrite from New Zealand foods and drinking water. Food additives and contaminants, 24(2), 113-121. USEPA, U. (2000). Risk-based concentration table. United States Environmental Protection Agency Philadelphia, PA. WHO Food Additives, Series: 50. (2020). NITRATE and NITRITE, Australia New Zealand Food Authority, Canberra, Australia. Yousefi, H., & Douna, B. K. (2023). Risk of Nitrate Residues in Food Products and Drinking Water. Asian Pacific Journal of Environment and Cancer, 6(1), 69-79. | ||
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 407 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 389 |