ABSTRACT
With the expansion of inefficient tissues, "Urban regeneration" has been objectified as a solution for developing cities in different physical, social and economic dimensions. Despite the development of the guidelines for urban regeneration projects, these projects in Iran still have challenges in the stage of realization and implementation. This article aims to identify the "challenges and causes of non-realization of urban regeneration projects in Iran" and analyse the research conducted in this field with a qualitative approach. For this purpose, a meta-analysis of 23 articles in the field of problems of urban regeneration projects in Iran was carried out. The challenges raised in the AtlasTI software were extracted with the help of open and axial coding. In the following, 100 codes were determined in the form of 10 groups or general categories. In the end, the obstacles to the realization of urban regeneration projects in Iran were given. According to the obtained results, the weak presence of non-governmental organizations, the problems of preparing plans, institutional and management problems, and the weakness of participation are the four most important and frequent challenges in the research related to the realization of urban regeneration projects in Iran
Extended Abstract
Introduction
The trend of urban population growth and the expansion of inefficient urban fabrics along with the increasing immigrant population to the cities makes the planners think of filling the existing urban fabrics with excessive density and land use change, instead of the city horizontal development with regard to the urban sustainable development prism. Poor housing, low per capita services, lack of necessary infrastructure, low quality of life, economic stagnation and functional inefficiency, unorganized physical-spatial structure, high vulnerability to earthquakes, loss of social status, and various social problems exemplify the typical challenges of such deteriorated areas. Deterioration of the urban fabric has prompted the emergence of various urban development policies among which regeneration as an overarching approach characterized by its economic, social, environmental, physical, ecological dimensions and components including quality of life, justice, revitalization and participation. This concept, as an urban development policy, has been defined and applied in the vulnerable and deteriorated areas of cities in recent years. Started from physical redevelopment in the Second World War and passing through policies concentrated on social and economic welfare, urban regeneration policies moved towards the participation of local residents and the creation of sustainable places in recent decades. However, taking into consideration the manifestation challenges of urban development plans, in the existing literature, urban regeneration challenges have been less comprehensively investigated. This paper aims to identify the "challenges and causes of lack of urban regeneration plans manifestation in Iran" based on the review and analysis of the research conducted in this field with a qualitative approach in response to this question: "What are the challenges and obstacles to the manifestation of urban regeneration projects in Iran?”
Methodology
This research aims to identify "challenges and obstacles to the manifestation of urban regeneration projects in Iran" through a meta-analysis of the research conducted in this field. Conducting a systematic search in Magiran, comprehensive humanities portal, and Google Scholar databases using the Boolean logic search used the keyword (challenges) AND key phrases (‘manifestation of plans’ AND ‘urban regeneration in Iran’) resulted in more than 70 Persian papers, 2 English papers, and 2 English theses. The reviewed studies included research and review papers, case study research, and the special issue of urban regeneration policy of Haft Shahr Journal. The geographical scope of the investigated studies covers the historical contexts of Iran, and metropolises such as Tehran, Tabriz, Shiraz, and Isfahan. Reviewing the abstracts, 23 studies were selected among which the research focusing on the different types of regeneration, and evaluation of urban regeneration indicators were excluded from the research process. To conduct meta-analysis after a comprehensive review of each study, open and focused coding of challenges was done through Atlas.ti software (version 8), and the obstacles to the manifestation of the plans were extracted. Coding process continued until the saturation was reached. Finally, the 115 codes obtained was reduced to 100 through integrating similar codes. Then, all the codes were categorized into 10 categories, and a comprehensive model of "challenges of manifestation of urban regeneration projects in Iran" was presented.
Results and discussion
Based on the conducted review, the recognized problems with emphasis on the different aspects of urban regeneration projects are: 1) Weak presence of non-governmental organizations (18 codes); 2) Problems of preparing plans (17 codes); 3) Institutional and managerial problems (14 codes); 4) Weakness of participation (13 codes); 5) Duration and financial problems of urban regeneration plans (10 codes); 6) Problems of urban regeneration plans process (8 codes); 7) loss of identity of fabrics in the preparation of the plan (6 codes); 8) Lack of context-oriented approach (7 codes); 9) inefficient evaluation of plans (4 codes); 10) lack of social and specialized training for citizens and officials (3 codes). The lack of endogenous theory and insufficient knowledge of the environment and residents obstacle the manifestation of urban regeneration plans. Despite pretending the use of non-governmental organizations, the relevant law weaknesses, and the lack of belief in the effectiveness of it has led to disregard of the participation of non-governmental organizations in practice in the process of preparing and implementing development plans resulting in an inadequate context for manifestation of urban regeneration plans. In addition, the government supervision on NGO’s in the way of achieving independence has also caused limitations for their interplay.
In terms of the issues in the preparation of plans, more emphasis on the physical and economic dimensions and the purely physical view, and the lack of attention to the social and cultural consequences, along with the loss of the community identity, are the factors of the failure of the plans to achieve the expected results. The lack of coordination between programs and multiple decision-makers led to the institutional confrontation instead of interaction. In this regard, the necessity of an integrated and comprehensive approach to urban regeneration has been acknowledged in the reviewed studies. NGO’s can play an effective role in communicating with citizens, educating citizens and informing them. It is also necessary to have the participation of the private sector and other organizations involved in the field of urban development in addition to public participation in all steps of preparation, implementation and occupation of projects and development plans. In the absence of a context-oriented approach in the preparation and implementation of urban regeneration plans in Iran with blind imitation of western models and the existence of limited urban infrastructure, following consequences are inevitable: uncertainty in terms of time, cost and site preparation before the implementation of the plan; lack of definition of urban regeneration plans in the different scales, neighborhood, region and city; and the uncertainty of the relationship between these plans and other urban development plans. As such in the current inadequate conditions driving the process of preparing plans, the possibility of implementing new policies and plans, is low and the implemented plans like many other urban development plans in Iran, are inefficient in the absence of the post occupancy evaluation.
Conclusion
Based on the results, four priority challenges in the manifestation of urban regeneration plans in Iran include; the weak presence of non-governmental organizations, the problems of preparing plans, institutional and managerial issues, and the weakness of participation. "The weak presence of non-governmental organizations" has been mentioned as the first challenge in most reviewed studies (Ahmadifar et al., 2014). Regarding the "participation of citizens" even though in the set of laws and regulations of sustainable urban regeneration, promotion of citizenship culture, participation, and cooperation of local institutions are highlighted, the residents are not welcomed in practice. On the other hand, the lack of people's participation in the preparation and implementation of plans has made any urban regeneration actions fail or achieve to its partial goals. In this regard, the results of the previous comparative comparisons have shown that the lack of laws and regulations supporting participation in various fields is of the key factors (Nourian and Ariana, 2011, Shafie Dastjerdi and Sadeghi, 2016). The problems of preparing plans, institutional and managerial issues, ranked as the third and fourth issues in this study, have been emphasized in previous studies as well (Kalantari Khalil Abad et al., Pakro and Sattarzadeh, 2014, Izadi et al., 2019). Therefore, prioritizing the challenges raised by experts and determining operational strategies to solve them are issues that can be addressed in future studies.
Keywords
Urban regeneration plans, manifestation, meta-analysis
Funding
There is no funding support.
Authors’ Contribution
All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work.
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest. |
- احمدی فر، نرگس؛ موحد، علی؛ تولایی، سیمین؛ سلیمانی، محمد و رحیمی، محسن. (1394). ارزیابی نتایج مشارکت مردمی در بازآفرینی شهری بافت شهری منطقه 12 تهران (نمونه موردی: محله سیروس). نگرشهای نو در جغرافیای انسانی، 8(1)، 94-81.
- امینی، مرضیه. (1395). بررسی مدیریت بازآفرینی در بافتهای فرسوده مرکز شهر مشهد (منطقه ثامن). پایاننامه کارشناسی ارشد مدیریت امور شهری. استاد راهنما: محمدرحیم راهنما. مشهد: دانشگاه فردوسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی.
- انصاری، محمدمهدی و افضلی، کوروش. (1399). فراتحلیلی بر نقش حاکمیت در بازآفرینی بافتهای ناکارآمد شهری. فصلنامه مطالعات طراحی شهری و پژوهشهای شهری، 3(3)، 11-1.
- ایزدفر، نجمه و ایزدفر، الهام. (1400). تدوین مدل مفهومی تحقق بازآفرینی پایدار شهری از منظر آیندهپژوهی. فصلنامه سیاستگذاری محیط شهری، 1(1)، 44-30.
- ایزدی، پگاه؛ هادیانی، زهره؛ حاجی نژاد، علی و قادری، جعفر. (1396). تبیین و ارائه الگوی بازآفرینی شهری فرهنگ-محور با تأکید بر رویکرد نهادی. فصلنامه مطالعات میانرشتهای در علوم انسانی، 9(2)، 187-163.
- ایزدی، پگاه؛ هادیانی، زهره؛ حاجینژاد، علی و قادری، جعفر. (1399). تحلیل نقش همافزایی میان نهادی در بازآفرینی شهری با استفاده از رویکرد تحلیل شبکه (مطالعه موردی: منطقة ۸ شهرداری شیراز). پژوهشهای جغرافیای انسانی، 52(1)، 261-241.
- بحرینی، سید حسین؛ ایزدی، محمد سعید و مفیدی، مهرانوش. (1392). رویکردها و سیاستهای نوسازی شهری (از بازسازی تا بازآفرینی شهری پایدار). مطالعات شهری، (9)، 29-17.
- پاکرو، نازلی و ستارزاده، داریوش. (1400). بررسی مؤلفههای مؤثر در چالشهای نهادی مشارکت شهروندی در بازآفرینی پایدار شهر، مطالعه موردی: شهر تبریز. نشریه تحقیقات کاربردی علوم جغرافیایی، 21(60)، 199-177.
- پاکزاد، جهانشاه، (1382). بررسی تطبیقی شهرهای ایرانی و اروپایی برای ریشهیابی موانع تاریخی مشارکت مدنی. نشریه صفه، (37)، 41-25.
- پورحسین روشن، حمید؛ پورجعفر، محمدرضا و علیاکبری، صدیقه. (1400). تبیین چالشهای تحققپذیری طرحهای شهری در ایران. نشریه صفه، (93)، 128-111.
- پیران، پرویز. (1397). نگاهی گذرا و نقدی کمتوان: بازآفرینی شهری با نیمنگاهی بر پروژه محله یاری در ایران (میا). هفت شهر، 4(62)، 56-28.
- پیوستهگر، یعقوب؛ محمد دوست، سلیمان؛ حیدری، علیاکبر و رحیمی، عنایتالله. (1396). ذهنیت سنجی در خصوص عملکرد دفاتر تسهیلگری بافتهای فرسوده شهری در فرایند بازآفرینی شهری جامع پایدار؛ نمونه موردی دفاتر تسهیلگری کلانشهر شیراز. نشریه پژوهش و برنامهریزی شهری، 8(30)، 244-225.
- تلخابی، حمیدرضا؛ سلیمانی، محمد؛ سعیدنیا، احمد و زنگانه، احمد. (1397). انفجار مادر شهر و توسعهٔ گسیختهٔ منطقهٔ کلانشهری تهران در چارچوب نظریهٔ زوال شهری. پژوهشهای جغرافیای برنامهریزی شهری، 6(3)، 472-452.
- حبیبی، سید محسن و خبیری، سمانه. (1397). سیاست بازآفرینی شهری: دیدگاهها و ضرورتها. نشریه هفت شهر، (62)، 27-22.
- حبیبی، سید محسن و سعیدی رضوانی، هادی. (1384). شهرسازی مشارکتی، کاوشی نظری در شرایط ایران. نشریه هنرهای زیبا، (24)، 24-15.
- سرائی، محمدحسین؛ مهرهکش، شیرین و مستوفیالممالکی، رضا. (1395). شاخصشناسی فرسودگی بافتهای شهری (مطالعه موردی: منطقه 3 شهر اصفهان). جغرافیا و توسعه شهری، 3(1)، 120-105.
- سیفالدینی، فرانک. (1397). ارزشیابی طرح و برنامهها برنامهریزی شهری. تهران: نشر آییژ.
- شاطریان، محسن و اکبری ارمکی، زکیه. (1394). رهیافت تجدید حیات شهری در راستای کاهش فرسودگی و فقر شهری (مطالعه موردی: بافت قدیم شهر کاشان). جغرافیا (فصلنامه علمی پژوهشی و بینالمللی انجمن جغرافیای ایران)، 13(44)، 142-119.
- شبانی امیرحسین و ایزدی محمد سعید. (۱۳۹۳). رویکردی نوین به بازآفرینی شهر خلاق. نقشجهان - مطالعات نظری و فناوریهای نوین معماری و شهرسازی، ۴ (۲)، ۶۳-۵۴.
- شرکت عمران و بهسازی شهری ایران، مجموعه قوانین و مقررات بازآفرینی شهری پایدار، سند ملی راهبردی احیاء، بهسازی و نوسازی و توانمندسازی بافتهای فرسوده و ناکارآمد شهری (1393). 28-12.
- شفائی، سپیده. (1397). ناکارآمدی محدودهها و محلات هدف بازآفرینی شهری. هفت شهر، 4(62)، 77-67.
- شفیعی دستجردی، مسعود و صادقی، نگین (1396). بررسی تحققپذیری طرحهای بازآفرینی بافت فرسوده شهری به روش تلفیقی تحلیل شبکهای- کارت امتیازی متوازن نمونه موردی: بافت فرسوده زینبیه اصفهان. باغ نظر، 14(46)، 14-5.
- شیبانی، امیرحسین و ایزدی، محمدحسین. (1396). بومیسازی بازآفرینی یکپارچه شهری بافتهای تاریخی شهر اسلامی. فصلنامه پژوهشهای معماری اسلامی، 15(5)، 168-150.
- شماعی، علی، پوراحمد، احمد. (1392). بهسازی و نوسازی شهری از دیدگاه علم جغرافیا. تهران: انتشارات دانشگاه تهران.
- صرافی، مظفر. (1397). رهیافت بازآفرینی شهری رادیکال برای چیرگی بر ناپایداری توسعهٔ ایران. هفت شهر، 4(62)، 61-57.
- صفدری، سیما؛ پورجعفر، محمدرضا و رنجبر، احسان. (1393). بازآفرینی فرهنگ مبنا زمینهساز ارتقاء تعاملات فرهنگی (نمونه موردی: بافت تاریخی شهر مشهد). نشریه هفت شهر، (47)، 39-25.
- عباچی، اعظم؛ یوسفی، علی و کرمانی، مهدی. (1397). رویکرد دولتمدار به بازآفرینی شهری و اعیانی سازی وابسته: تحلیل عملکرد ذینفعان کلیدی در نوسازی بافت پیرامون حرم مطهر در مشهد. توسعه محلی (روستایی- شهری)، 10(1)، 94-75.
- فرهادی، جواد؛ زنگانه، احمد؛ کمانرودی، موسی و سلیمانی مهرنجانی، محمد. (1397). نقش نخبگان تولیدی-تجاری در ارتقاء محلات روبهزوال شهری (نمونه موردی: محله ایثار شهر مشهد). مجله جغرافیا و توسعه فضای شهری، 8(1)، 298-281.
- کلانتری خلیلآباد، حسین؛ پوراحمد، احمد؛ موسوی، سید رفیع و شیری پور، مهدی. (1393). چالشهای نهادی در بازآفرینی پایدار شهری. هفت شهر، 4(47 و 48)، 121-112.
- لطفی، سهند. (1390). تبارشناسی بازآفرینی شهری از بازسازی تا نوزایی. چاپ اول، تهران: انتشارات آذرخش.
- لطفی، سهند و زرگری مرندی، ابراهیم. (1391). بازآفرینی شهری و بازتعریف معیارهای فرسودگی: آغازی بر مرمت شهری پایدار، دوماهنامه شهر نگار، (58)، 25-14.
- میرمقتدایی، مهتا؛ رفیعیان، مجتبی و سنگی، الهام. (1389). تأملی بر مفهوم توسعه میان افزا و ضرورت آن در محلات شهری. شهرداریها، 10(98)، 51-44.
- نژادابراهیمی، احد و نژداغی، نسترن. (1397). تدوین چارچوب مفهومی بازآفرینی شهری اجتماعمحور مبتنی بر آموزش در بافتهای تاریخی. دانش شهرسازی، 2(3)، 34-21.
- نوریان، فرشاد و آریانا، اندیشه. (1391). تحلیل چگونگی حمایت قانون از مشارکت عمومی در بازآفرینی شهری مطالعه موردی: میدان امام علی (عتیق) اصفهان. هنرهای زیبا، 17(2)، 27-15.
- هاشمی، الناز و علیمردانی، مسعود. (1399). بررسی ابعاد چارچوب مفهومی بازآفرینی حفاظت محور در بافتهای شهری تاریخی ایران. فصلنامه مطالعات طراحی شهری و پژوهشهای شهری، 3(1)، 28-15.
- Abachi, A., Yousofi, A., & Kermani, M. (2018). The government-oriented approach to urban regeneration and dependent gentrification: performance analysis of key stakeholders in the renovation of the fabric surrounding the Holy Shrine in Mashhad. Community Development (Rural and Urban Communities), 10(1), 75-94. Doi: 10.22059/jrd.2018.68409. [In Persian]
- Ahmadifar, N., Movahed, A., Tavalai, S., Soleimani, M., & Rahimi, M. (2014). Evaluation of the results of people's participation in the urban regeneration of the urban fabric of the 12th district of Tehran (case example: Siros neighborhood). Negareshhaye-no-dar- joghraphiae-ensani Journal, 8(1), 81-94. Doi: 20.1001.1.66972251.1394.8.1.5.5. [In Persian]
- Allal, A., Dehimi, S., Bediar, A., & Benaissa, F. T. (2023). The deterioration of residential neighborhoods and the challenges of developing them in Algerian cities. A case study of a neighborhood of 600 dwellings in the city of M’sila. Technium Social Sciences Journal, 39(1), 799–811. https://doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v39i1.8242
- Alvanchi, A., Jafari, M. A., Shabanlou, M., & Meghdadi, Z. (2021). A novel public-private-people partnership framework in regeneration of old urban neighborhoods in Iran. Land Use Policy, 109. DOI: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105728.
- Amini, M. (2015). Investigating regeneration management in manifestation of fabrics in the center of Mashhad (Samen region). Master's thesis in urban affairs management. Instructor: Mohammad Rahim Rahnama. Mashhad: Ferdowsi University, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences. [In Persian]
- Ansari, M. M., & Afzali, K. (2019). A meta-analysis on the role of governance in the regeneration of inefficient urban tissues, Journal of urban design studies and urban researches, 3(3), 1-11. [In Persian]
- Arnstein, Sh. R. (2007). A Ladder of Citizen Participation. Journal of the American Institute of Planners, 35(4), 216-224. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944366908977225
- Bahreini, H., Izadi, M., & Mofidi, M. (2014). The Approaches and Policies of Urban Renewal from" Urban Reconstruction" to "Sustainable Urban Regeneration". Motaleate Shahri, 3(9), 17-30. [In Persian]
- Colantonio, A., & Dixon, T (2011).Urban Regeneration & Social Sustainability: Best Practice from European Cities.
- Couch, Ch. & Percy, S. (2008). Urban regeneration in Europe. Blackwell Science Ltd.
- Farhadi, J., Zanganeh, A., Kamanroodi, M., & Soleimani Mehranjani, M. (2018). The Role of Production-Commercial Pioneers in the Improvement of Districts Facing Urban Decay (Case Study: Isar District of Mashhad). Geography and Urban Space Development, 5(1), 281-298. Doi: 10.22067/gusd.v5i1.74133. [In Persian]
- Farzaneh, M. (2011). Urban development planning, regeneration and public participation: A comparison between the UK and Iran (Doctoral dissertation, Newcastle University).
- Gu, D., Newman, G., Kim, J. H., Park, Y., & Lee, J. (2019). Neighborhood Decline and Mixed Land Uses: Mitigating Housing Abandonment in Shrinking Cities. Land Use Policy, 83, 505-511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.02.033
- Habibi, S. M., & Saidi Rezvani, H. (2004). Participatory urbanization, a theoretical exploration in the conditions of Iran. Honar-Ha-Ye-Ziba, (24), 15-24. [In Persian]
- Hashemi, E., & Alimardani, M. (2020). A Study of Conceptual Framework in Conservation-led Regeneration of Iranian Urban Historical Fabrics. Conserv Histo Area, 1 (1),74-89. [In Persian]
- Healey, pasty. (1995). “The institutional challenge for sustainable urban regeneration”. cities, 12(4), 221-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-2751(95)00043-L
- Iran Urban Development and Improvement Company, set of rules and regulations for sustainable urban regeneration, national strategic document for revitalization, improvement and renovation and empowerment of worn out and manifestation of urban fabrics (2014). 12-28. [In Persian]
- Izadfar, N., & Izadfar, E. (2021). Develop a conceptual model for achieving sustainable urban regeneration from a futuristic perspective. Journal Urban Environmental Policy, 1(1), 27-44. Doi: 20.1001.1.27833496.1400.1.1.12.0. [In Persian]
- Izadi, M. (2008). a study on city centre regeneration: a comparative analysis of two different approaches to the revitalisation of historic city centres in Iran. Phd. Thesis. Newcastle University.
- Izadi, P., hadiyani, Z., Hajinejad, A., & ghaderi, J. (2020). Analysis of the role of inter-agency Synergy in Urban regeneration by Using the Network Analysis Approach (Case study: district 8 of Shiraz municipality). Human Geography Research, 52(1), 241-261. Doi: 10.22059/jhgr.2018.251051.1007628. [In Persian]
- Izadi, P., Hadiyani, Z., Hajinejad, A., & Qaderi, J. (2017). Explanation the pattern of culture-led regeneration with emphasis on institutional approach. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities, 9(2), 163-187. Doi: 10.22035/isih.2017.1780.2364. [In Persian]
- Kalantari Khalil Abad, H., Pourahmad, A., Mousavi, S. R., & Shiripour, M. (2014). Institutional challenges to sustainable urban regeneration. HAFTSHAHR, 4(47, 48), 112-121. [In Persian]
- La Rosa, D., Riccardo, P., & Luca Barbarossa, Paolo L.G. (2017). Assessing spatial benefits of urban regeneration programs in a highly vulnerable urban context: A case study in Catania, Italy, Landscape and Urban Planning, (157), 180–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.05.031.
- Lotfi, S. (2011). Genealogy of urban regeneration from reconstruction to regeneration. first edition, Tehran: Azarakhsh Publications. [In Persian]
- Lotfi, S., & Zargari Marandi, I. (2011). Urban regeneration and redefining the criteria of wear and tear: a start on sustainable urban restoration. Shahrnagar Monthly, (58), 14-25. [In Persian]
- Mirmoqtadai, M., Rafiyan, M., & Sanghi, E. (2009). A reflection on the concept of intermediate development and its necessity in urban neighorhoods. Shahrdariah, 10(98), 44-51. [In Persian]
- Mirzakhani, A., Turró, M., & Jalilisadrabad, S. (2021). Key stakeholders and operation processes in the regeneration of historical urban fabrics in Iran. Cities, 118, 103362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103362
- Mohsen, H., & Samaneh, K. (2018). Urban Regeneration Policy: Perspectives and Necessities. HAFTSHAHR, 4(62), 22-27. [In Persian]
- Nejad Ebrahini, A., & najdaghi, N. (2018). Defining the Conceptual Framework of Community-Led Urban Regeneration Based on Training in the Historic Zones. Urban Planning Knowledge, 2(3), 21-34. Doi: 10.22124/upk.2019.11245.1126. [In Persian]
- Ng, M. K. (2005). Quality of life perceptions and directions for urban regeneration in Hong Kong. In Quality-of-life research in Chinese, Western and Global Contexts. Springer, Dordrecht.
- Nourian, F., & Ariana, A. (2012). Analyzing Judicial Support for Public Participation in Urban Regeneration Case Study of Imam Ali Square (Ateegh) in Isfahan. Honar-Ha-Ye-Ziba: Memary Va Shahrsazi, 17(2), 15-27. Doi: 10.22059/jfaup.2012.30156. [In Persian]
- Pakro N, Sattarzadeh D. Investigating the Effective Components of Institutional Challenges of Citizen Participation in Sustainable Urban Regeneration Case Study: Tabriz City. Thahghighat Karbordi Olom joghraphiae, 22 (65), 79-101. Doi:10.52547/jgs.22.65.79. [In Persian]
- Pakzad, J., (2003). A comparative study of Iranian and European cities to find the roots of historical obstacles of civic participation. Soffeh Magazine, (37), 41-25. Doi: 20.1001.1.1683870.1382.13.4.9.7. [In Persian]
- Peyvastehgar, Y., Mohamadidoost, S., Heydari, A., & allah Rahimi, E. (2017). Facilitating performance evaluation offices old urban tissue In the process of Sustainable Urban Regeneration (Case offices in Shiraz major facilitator). Research and Urban planning Journal, 8(30), 225-244. Doi: 20.1001.1.22285229.1396.8.30.13.9. [In Persian]
- Piran, P. (2018). Urban Regeneration with a Brief Look to Iran’s Participatory Community Regeneration Project. HAFTSHAHR, 4(62), 28-56. [In Persian]
- Pourhossein Roshan, H., Pourjafar, M. R., & Aliakbari, S. (2021). The Challenges of Implementing Urban Plans in Iran. Soffeh, 31(2), 111-128. Doi: 10.52547/sofeh.31.2.111. [In Persian]
- Ravetz, J. (2000). City-region 2020: Integrated planning for a sustainable environment. Sustainable City-Region Working Group, Earthscan.
- Roberts, P. (2000). The evolution, definition and purpose of urban regeneration, in P. Roberts and H. Syke (Eds). Urban Regeneration, a Handbook. British Urban Regeneration Association, SAGE Publications, London, 9-36.
- Roberts, P., & Sykes, S. (2000). urban regeneration: A handbook. SAGE publications Ltd.
- Rogers, R. (2011). “Cultural Institutions and Urban Regeneration, M9’s role in the regeneration of Venice Mestre”.
- Safdari, S., Pourjafar, M. R., & Ranjbar, E. (2014). Culture led regeneration, grounds of promoting cultural interactions (Case Study: the historical context of Mashhad). HAFTSHAHR, 4(47, 48), 25-39. [In Persian]
- Saraei, M. H., Mohrehkesh, S., & Mostofi Allmamaleki, R. (2016). Exhaustion Index Identification of Urban Tissues (Case Study: District 3 in the City of Isfahan). Geography and Urban Space Development, 3(1), 105-120. Doi: 10.22067/gusd.v3i1.25987. [In Persian]
- Sarrafi, M. (2018). Radical Urban Regeneration: An Approach to Overcome Iran's Unsustainable Development. HAFTSHAHR, 4(62), 57-61. [In Persian]
- Seifeddini, F. (2018). Evaluations of Plans & Programs Urban Planning. Tehran: Ayez. [In Persian]
- Shabani A, izadi M S. (2014) Exploring the position of creative city theory in culture led urban regeneration. Naqshejahan,4(2):54-63. Dor: 20.1001.1.23224991.1393.4.2.2.8. [In Persian]
- Shafaee, S. (2018). Inefficiency of Urban Regeneration Target Areas. HAFTSHAHR, 4(62), 67-77. [In Persian]
- Shafie Dastjerdi, M., & Sadeghi, N. (2017). Accomplishment the Renovating Projects of Worn-out Areas, Method of the (BSC) and (AHP) Procedures (Case study: Zeynabieh Dist., Isfahan, Iran). The Monthly Scientific Journal of Bagh-e Nazar, 14(46), 5-14. [In Persian]
- Shamai, A, Pourahmad, A. (2012). Urban improvement and modernization from the point of view of geography, Tehran: Tehran University Press. [In Persian]
- Shaterian, M., & Akbari Armaki, Z. (2015). The approach of urban revitalization in the direction of reducing urban decay and poverty, case study: the old context of Kashan city. Geography, 13(44), 119-142. [In Persian]
- Shibani, A. H., Izadi, M. H. (2016). Localizaing integrated urban regeneration of the historical contexts of the Islamic city, Islamic Architecture Research Quarterly, 15(5), 168-150. [In Persian]
- Talkhabi, H. R., Soleimani, M., Saeidnia, A., & Zanganeh, A. (2018). Metropolis Explosion and Sprawl of Tehran within the Framework of Urban Decline Theory. Geographical Urban Planning Research (GUPR), 6(3), 451-472. Doi: 10.22059/jurbangeo.2018.251153.859. [In Persian]
- Taraba, J., Forgaci, C., & Romein, A. (2022). Creativity-driven urban regeneration in the post-socialist context-The case of Csepel Works, Budapest. Journal of Urban Design, 27(2), 161-180. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2021.1951604
- Tiesdell, S., Oc, T., & Heath, T. (2013). Revitalising historic urban quarters. Routledge.
- Zamani, B. & Arefi, M. (2013). Iranian New Towns and their Urban Management Issues: A critical review of influential actors and factors. Cities, 30(1), 105-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2012.01.003
- Zhang, H., Cong, C., & Chakraborty, A. (2022). Exploring the institutional dilemma and governance transformation in China's urban regeneration: Based on the case of Shanghai Old Town. Cities, 131, 103915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103915
|