The Effect of Four Weeks of Aerobic Exercise and Caffeine Supplement Consumption on Body Composition and Psychomotor Performance of Obese Students Recovered From COVID-19

Shabani Ezdini, Esmail; Taheri, Morteza; Irandoust, Khadijeh

doi:10.22059/jsb.2023.364011.1604

فهرست نشریات دارای اعتبار وزارت علوم، تحقیقات و فناوری

	The Effect of Four Weeks of Aerobic Exercise and Caffeine Supplement Consumption on Body Composition and Psychomotor Performance of Obese Students Recovered From COVID-19
نشریه علوم زیستی ورزشی
Volume 15, Issue 4 - Serial Number 98, December 2023, Pages 55-68 PDF (1.25 M)
Document Type: Research Paper I Open Access I Released under CC BY-NC 4.0 license
DOI: 10.22059/jsb.2023.364011.1604
Authors
Esmail Shabani Ezdini¹; Morteza Taheri^* ²; Khadijeh Irandoust¹
¹Department of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran.
²Corresponding Author, Department of Sports Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
Abstract
Introduction: The restrictions caused by the coronavirus resulted in physiological and psychological problems for all ages in the world. This study aimed to investigate the effect of four weeks of aerobic exercise and caffeine supplementation on body composition and psychomotor performance of obese students who have recovered from COVID-19. Methods: The current research was a quasi-experimental design with a two-step pre-test-post-test measurement. 40 obese students recovered from COVID-19 from Imam Khomeini International University of Qazvin Province eligible to participate in the research with a mean age of 22.57±1.45 years, weight of 90.74±7.53 kg, height of 171.05±4.93 cm, and body mass index of 30.51±2.36 were randomly assigned into four groups of 10 people including 1. Exercise-Supplement, 2. Exercise-Placebo, 3. Exercise, and 4. Control. The interventions included four weeks of aerobic exercise and caffeine or placebo supplementation. To analyze the data, a dependent t-test was used to check the intra-group difference, and an ANOVA statistical test was used to check the inter-group difference. Results: The results of the dependent t-test showed that there was a significant difference in all variables (body composition, and psychomotor performance) in the pre-test and post-test in the Exercise-Supplement, Exercise-Placebo, and Exercise groups (p<0.05), but in the pre-test and post-test, there was no significant difference in the control group for all variables (P>0.05). Also, intergroup analysis with the ANOVA test showed that there is no significant difference between groups in weight (p=0.144), fat percentage (p=0.053), and body mass index (p=0.993). However, there was a significant difference in psychomotor performance (duration of correct choice, number of correct choices, number of correct withdrawals, static balance, and dynamic balance) (p<0.05). Conclusion: According to the obtained results, both aerobic exercise and aerobic exercise with caffeine supplementation can help reduce weight, body fat percentage, and body mass index, and improve psychomotor performance in obese people who have recovered from COVID-19.
Keywords
Aerobic Exercises; Body Composition; Caffeine Supplement; Psychomotor Performance

References
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[15] Molhemi F, Mehravar M, Monjezi S, Salehi R, Negahban H, Shaterzadeh-Yazdi M-J, et al. Effects of exergaming on cognition, lower limb functional coordination, and stepping time in people with multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. DR. 9-2022:1. [16] Khameneh AZ, Jafari A, Shojaei EA. Effect of different doses of caffeine intake on indirect markers of resistance exhausting exercise-induced cellular damage in male volleyball players. MJTUMS. 2014;36(5):61:54. [17] Asad. The effect of eight weeks of aerobic, resistance and combined training on LDL cholesterol, HDL and cardio-respiratory fitness in obese men. Srqarism. 2013;1(3):57-64.. [In Persian] [18] Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013. [19] Mohamed AA, Alawna M. The effect of aerobic exercise on immune biomarkers and symptoms severity and progression in patients with COVID-19: A randomized control trial. Jobmt. 2021;32-28:425. [20] Da Silva LA, de Freitas L, Medeiros TE, Osiecki R, Garcia Michel R, Snak AL, et al. Caffeine modifies blood glucose availability during prolonged low-intensity exercise in individuals with type-2 diabetes. CM. 2014;45(2):6-72. [21] Blüher M. Adipose tissue dysfunction contributes to obesity related metabolic diseases. BprCem. 2013;27(2):77-163. [22] Qarani H, Zulfiqari M, Rasulpour J, Jamal, Sharifan, Salah. The effect of eight weeks of aerobic training and caffeine supplementation on some inflammatory indices and body composition in obese men. SSQ. 2018;9(28):26-10. [In Persian] [23] Miyazaki A, Okuyama T, Mori H, Sato K, Kumamoto K, Hiyama A. Effects of Two Short-Term Aerobic Exercises on Cognitive Function in Healthy Older Adults during COVID-19 Confinement in Japan: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. IJERPH. 2022;19(10).62:02. [24] Dana A, Pozeshjadidi R, AbedinFallah Z. Effect of aerobic exercises on cognitive and metacognitive abilities of inactive elderly men. BSR. 2018;16(1):92:84. [25] Huang T, Larsen K, Ried‐Larsen M, Møller N, Andersen LB. The effects of physical activity and exercise on brain‐derived neurotrophic factor in healthy humans: A review. Sjmsis. 2014;24(1):1-10. [26] Leckie RL, Oberlin LE, Voss MW, Prakash RS, Szabo-Reed A, Chaddock-Heyman L, et al. BDNF mediates improvements in executive function following a 1-year exercise intervention. Fihn. 2014;8:985. [27] Church DD, Hoffman JR, LaMonica MB, Riffe JJ, Hoffman MW, Baker KM, et al. The effect of an acute ingestion of Turkish coffee on reaction time and time trial performance. JISSN. 2015;12(1): 37. [28] Franks H, Hagedorn H, Hensley V, Hensley W, Starmer G. The effect of caffeine on human performance, alone and in combination with ethanol. Psychopharmacologia. 1975;81-45:75. [29] Graham TE. Caffeine and exercise: metabolism, endurance and performance. Sm. 2001;807-31:785. [30] Kim WS, Choi CK, Yoon SH, Kwon JY. Usual dose of caffeine has a positive effect on somatosensory related postural stability in hemiparetic stroke patients. Arm. 2014;38(6):775-83. [31] Rezaei, Taheri, Irandoost. The effect of cold water immersion and caffeine supplement consumption on balance, fatigue and psycho-motor performance of student athletes. Fsrj::: Kashan University of Medical Sciences. 2022;26(1):74-65. [In Persian] [32] Shimoda H, Seki E, Aitani M. Inhibitory effect of green coffee bean extract on fat accumulation and body weight gain in mice. BMC cam. 2006;9-6:1. [33] Pour R, Jamal, Qarani, Lorestani Zou, Aziz, Affir, et al. Comparison of the simultaneous effect of long-term caffeine supplement consumption and exercise training on interleukin-6 serum levels and body composition in obese men. Jsmj. 2022;21(1):54-67. [In Persian]
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The Effect of Four Weeks of Aerobic Exercise and Caffeine Supplement Consumption on Body Composition and Psychomotor Performance of Obese Students Recovered From COVID-19

1] Shahrokhian N, Hassanzadeh S, Razini HH, Ramshini M. The effects of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in well-being and perceived stress in adolescents with low academic performance during the COVID-19 pandemic. 2021; (4(2. https://doi.org/10.5812/intjssh.122504

[2] Vancini RL, Viana RB, dos Santos Andrade M, de Lira CAB, Nikolaidis PT, de Almeida AA, et al. YouTube as a source of information about physical exercise during COVID-19 outbreak 2021 ;(4(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.5812/intjssh.123312

[3] Galea S, Merchant RM, Lurie N. The mental health consequences of COVID-19 and physical distancing: the need for prevention and early intervention. JAMA internal medicine. 2020;180(6):8-817

[4] Zheng Y, Li J, Zhang M, Jin B, Li X, Cao Z, et al. A survey of the psychological status of primary school students who were quarantined at home during the coronavirus disease2019 epidemic in Hangzhou China. MedRxivdoi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.28.20115311.

[5] Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. The lancet. 2020;935(10227):912-20. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8

[6] Pinto AJ, Roschel H, de Sá Pinto AL, Lima FR, Pereira RMR, Silva CA, et al. Pisb: Overlooked risk factors in autoimmune rheumatic diseases? Autoimmunity reviews. 2017;16(7):667-74.

[7] Silva RR, Rufino CR, Galvao LL, Vancini RL, Santos D, de Lira CAB, et al. Motivation for Brazilian Older Adult Women to Join a Community Physical Activity Program Before COVID-19 Pandemic. IJSSfH. 2022 https://doi.org/10.5812/intjssh-128560 [In Persian].

[8] Ekkekakis P, Brand R. Affective responses to and automatic affective valuations of physical activity: Fifty years of progress on the seminal question in exercise psychology. PSE. 2019;42:130-7.

[9] Soori R, Asad M, Barahouei-Jamar Z, Rezaeian N. The effect of aerobic training on the serum level of adipolin and insulin resistance in overweight men. KAUMS Journal (FEYZ). 2016;19(6):495-503.

[10] Taheri, M., Irandoost, K., Yousefi, S., & Jamali, A. (2017). Effect of 8-week lower extremity weight-bearing exercise protocol and acute caffeine consumption on reaction time in postmenopausal women. Iranian Journal of Ageing, 12(1), 18-29.

[11] Nawrot P, Jordan S, Eastwood J, Rotstein J, Hugenholtz A, Feeley M. Effects of caffeine on human health. FAC. 2003;20(1):30-1.

[12] Blaha M, Benes V, Douville CM, Newell DW. The effect of caffeine on dilated cerebral circulation and on diagnostic CO2 reactivity testing. Jocn. 2007;14(5):7-464.

[13] Kassim Z, Greenough A, Rafferty GF. Effect of caffeine on respiratory muscle strength and lung function in prematurely born, ventilated infants. Ejop. 2009;5-168:1491.

[14] Juliana M, Rafaella-Maria S. Does caffeine enhance athletic performance? (AJNE). 2016:52-62.

[15] Molhemi F, Mehravar M, Monjezi S, Salehi R, Negahban H, Shaterzadeh-Yazdi M-J, et al. Effects of exergaming on cognition, lower limb functional coordination, and stepping time in people with multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. DR. 9-2022:1.

[16] Khameneh AZ, Jafari A, Shojaei EA. Effect of different doses of caffeine intake on indirect markers of resistance exhausting exercise-induced cellular damage in male volleyball players. MJTUMS. 2014;36(5):61:54.

[17] Asad. The effect of eight weeks of aerobic, resistance and combined training on LDL cholesterol, HDL and cardio-respiratory fitness in obese men. Srqarism. 2013;1(3):57-64.. [In Persian]

[18] Association AP. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.

[19] Mohamed AA, Alawna M. The effect of aerobic exercise on immune biomarkers and symptoms severity and progression in patients with COVID-19: A randomized control trial. Jobmt. 2021;32-28:425.

[20] Da Silva LA, de Freitas L, Medeiros TE, Osiecki R, Garcia Michel R, Snak AL, et al. Caffeine modifies blood glucose availability during prolonged low-intensity exercise in individuals with type-2 diabetes. CM. 2014;45(2):6-72.

[21] Blüher M. Adipose tissue dysfunction contributes to obesity related metabolic diseases. BprCem. 2013;27(2):77-163.

[22] Qarani H, Zulfiqari M, Rasulpour J, Jamal, Sharifan, Salah. The effect of eight weeks of aerobic training and caffeine supplementation on some inflammatory indices and body composition in obese men. SSQ. 2018;9(28):26-10. [In Persian]

[23] Miyazaki A, Okuyama T, Mori H, Sato K, Kumamoto K, Hiyama A. Effects of Two Short-Term Aerobic Exercises on Cognitive Function in Healthy Older Adults during COVID-19 Confinement in Japan: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. IJERPH. 2022;19(10).62:02.

[24] Dana A, Pozeshjadidi R, AbedinFallah Z. Effect of aerobic exercises on cognitive and metacognitive abilities of inactive elderly men. BSR. 2018;16(1):92:84.

[25] Huang T, Larsen K, Ried‐Larsen M, Møller N, Andersen LB. The effects of physical activity and exercise on brain‐derived neurotrophic factor in healthy humans: A review. Sjmsis. 2014;24(1):1-10.

[26] Leckie RL, Oberlin LE, Voss MW, Prakash RS, Szabo-Reed A, Chaddock-Heyman L, et al. BDNF mediates improvements in executive function following a 1-year exercise intervention. Fihn. 2014;8:985.

[27] Church DD, Hoffman JR, LaMonica MB, Riffe JJ, Hoffman MW, Baker KM, et al. The effect of an acute ingestion of Turkish coffee on reaction time and time trial performance. JISSN. 2015;12(1): 37.

[28] Franks H, Hagedorn H, Hensley V, Hensley W, Starmer G. The effect of caffeine on human performance, alone and in combination with ethanol. Psychopharmacologia. 1975;81-45:75.

[29] Graham TE. Caffeine and exercise: metabolism, endurance and performance. Sm. 2001;807-31:785.

[30] Kim WS, Choi CK, Yoon SH, Kwon JY. Usual dose of caffeine has a positive effect on somatosensory related postural stability in hemiparetic stroke patients. Arm. 2014;38(6):775-83.

[31] Rezaei, Taheri, Irandoost. The effect of cold water immersion and caffeine supplement consumption on balance, fatigue and psycho-motor performance of student athletes. Fsrj::: Kashan University of Medical Sciences. 2022;26(1):74-65. [In Persian]

[32] Shimoda H, Seki E, Aitani M. Inhibitory effect of green coffee bean extract on fat accumulation and body weight gain in mice. BMC cam. 2006;9-6:1.

[33] Pour R, Jamal, Qarani, Lorestani Zou, Aziz, Affir, et al. Comparison of the simultaneous effect of long-term caffeine supplement consumption and exercise training on interleukin-6 serum levels and body composition in obese men. Jsmj. 2022;21(1):54-67. [In Persian]