پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 161 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 6,532 |
| تعداد مقالات | 70,504 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 124,121,847 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 97,229,456 |
اتحادیۀ اقتصادی اوراسیایی و مهاجرت نیروی کار از آسیای مرکزی به روسیه | ||
| مطالعات اوراسیای مرکزی | ||
| دوره 16، شماره 2، اسفند 1402، صفحه 349-371 اصل مقاله (590.46 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jcep.2023.354593.450127 | ||
| نویسنده | ||
| طیبه واعظی* | ||
| استادیار، گروه مطالعات منطقهای، دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| در سالهای آغازین فروپاشی اتحاد شوروی و جایگزین‌شدن جمهوریهای جدید، مهم‌ترین روند مهاجرت از سوی روستباران ساکن در آسیای مرکزی بود، ولی این روند در سالهای بعد به‌ویژه از دهۀ 2000 به بعد تغییر کرد. به‌طوری‌که اینک با پدیدۀ مهاجرت گستردۀ مردم آسیای مرکزی به روسیه روبه‌رو هستیم. این مهاجرتها که بیشتر با انگیزههای اقتصادی صورت میگیرند تأثیر قابل توجهی بر اقتصاد کشورهای مهاجرفرست به‌جای میگذارند؛ تا جایی که در سه دهۀ گذشته دو کشور تاجیکستان و قرقیزستان از نظر سهم حوالهها از تولید ناخالص ملی، همواره در شمار سه کشور نخست جهان بودهاند که بخش قابل توجهی از آن از روسیه تأمین می‌شود. در این نوشتار همراه با بررسی روندهای مهاجرت در منطقه و ویژگی مهاجران آسیای مرکزی در روسیه، به‌دنبال پاسخ این پرسش هستیم که شکلگیری اتحادیۀ اقتصادی اوراسیایی چه تأثیری بر روند مهاجرت از آسیای مرکزی به روسیه داشته است؟ در پاسخ این فرضیه مطرح می‌شود که عضویت کشورهای قزاقستان و قرقیزستان و روسیه در اتحادیۀ اقتصادی اوراسیایی با اثرگذاری بر هزینههای سود و زیان مهاجران کاری روند مهاجرت نیروی کار از دو کشور مورد اشاره به روسیه را افزایش داده است. یافتههای این پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که اتحادیۀ اقتصادی اوراسیایی با تسهیل روند مهاجرت نیروی کار، سبب افزایش مهاجرتهای کاری از قزاقستان و قرقیزستان به روسیه شده است. این نوشتار با روش کیفی همبستگی و با ابزار کتابخانهای صورت میگیرد. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| مهاجرت؛ اتحادیۀ اقتصادی اوراسیایی؛ ازبکستان؛ قرقیزستان؛ تاجیکستان؛ روسیه؛ قزاقستان | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| The Formation of the Eurasian Economic Union and the Labor Migration from Central Asia to Russia | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Tayyebeh Vaezi | ||
| Assistant Professor, Department of Regional Studies, Faculty of Law & Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Introduction: During the Soviet Union, as a result of accelerated industrialization policies and agricultural expansion, migration flows in Central Eurasia were mainly from the center of the Soviet Union to Central Asia. But at the beginning of the 1990s and after the collapse of Soviet Union, the situation changed. A large number of Russians living in Central Asian republics immigrated to Russia for fear of ethnic discrimination. In addition, due to poverty and unemployment, war (in Tajikistan) and environmental problems, Central Asians migrated to Russia. This is despite the fact that a significant part of the migrations were labor migrations, which were done with the motive of employment and earning money to cover the expenses of the families living in the republics. Even today, due to cultural and linguistic affinities, family ties, ease of travel as well as Russia's strong need for labor in the early 2000s, the large-scale labor migration from Central Asia to Russia is one of the main streams of migration to Russia. To the extent that today, the remittances sent by these immigrants to their countries of origin constitute a significant share of the GDP of the respective countries especially Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Therefore, it can be seen that the migration flow in the region has been reversed after the collapse of the Soviet Union. After the integration of some countries in the region in the form of the Eurasian Economic Union and facilitating the free movement of labor among the member countries, it seems that changes have been made in the migration process from member countries of the Eurasian Economic Union to Russia. Research question: In this research, focusing on the migrations to Russia from Central Asian countries, the main question is that: what effects has the formation of the Eurasian Economic Union had on the migration process from Central Asia to Russia? There are also a number of sub-questions, the answers to which can lead us to the answer to the main question. These questions are: What are the characteristics of Central Asian migrations to Russia? And what is the relationship between the economic theory of immigration and economic convergence? Research hypothesis: In response to the above question, the hypothesis is examined that " The membership of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Russia in the Eurasian Economic Union has increased the process of labor migration from the first two countries to Russia by influencing the costs of migrant workers." Methodology: Considering that several factors can be effective in determining the flow of migration from Central Asia, which cannot be controlled, in this article the qualitative method of bivariate correlation is used. In this method, an attempt has been made to evaluate the relationship between the two variables of the formation of the Eurasian Economic Union (independent variable) and the change in migration process from Central Asia (dependent variable) by qualitatively evaluating the available data. Although the effect of variable a on variable B is not measured in this method, the existence of a positive or negative relationship between the two variables is evaluated. Results and discussion: Surveys showed that firstly, most of the migrations from the Central Asian republics are work and temporary migrations, and therefore are carried out by the population of working age. Secondly, the ratio of the number of immigrants to the total population of each republic is higher in poorer countries than in richer regions and countries. Thirdly, migrations often have a male face and are related to unskilled and semi-skilled workers. Fourthly, the establishment of the Eurasian Economic Union has eased the labor migration conditions between the member countries and reduced its costs, and this has affected the flow of labor migration. At the same time, the lack of accurate and reliable statistics, especially regarding the country of Turkmenistan, and the impossibility of assessing the volume of illegal labor migration, were the most important challenges for an accurate assessment of the migration process in the region. Examining the collected data and information and comparing the share of member and non-member countries of the Eurasian Economic Union in the period before and after the establishment of the Eurasian Economic Union in work migration to Russia shows that after the membership of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, the migration of workers from these two countries to Russia has increased. Conclusion: In this article, changes in the nature and countries of origin and destination of immigration after the collapse of the Soviet Union were investigated. Studies have shown that, unlike the early years of the collapse, when migrations were ethnic or social in nature, since the early 2000s they have become more economic in nature, and the two countries of Kazakhstan and Russia, became the most important destinations for work migration due to economic growth. Also, the impact of immigration process from member countries and non-member countries in the Eurasian Economic Union was investigated. The comparison of statistics showed that there is a positive correlation between the membership of the republics in this union and the increase of work migrations to Russia. In other words, with the formation of the Eurasian Economic Union, the number of labor migrations from union member countries to Russia has increased compared to non-member countries. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Migration, Central Asia, Eurasian Economic Union, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Abashin, Sergei (2014), “Migration from Central Asia to Russia in the New Model of World Order”, Russian Politics & Law, Vol. 52, No. 6, pp. 8-23, (doi: 10.2753/RUP1061-1940520601). Akhtar, Shamshad, Hamza Ali Malik and Hongjoo Hahm (2017), “Enhancing Regional Economic Cooperation and Integration in Asia and the Pacific”, United Nations publication, Available at: https://www.unescap.org/sites/default/d8files/ knowledge-products/RECI%20Report%20ebook-%20Final%2013Nov2017.pdf (Accessed on: 27/1/2023). Nicola D. Coniglio (2002) “Regional Integration and Migration: An Economic Geography Model with Eterogeneous Labour Force”, Available at: https://www.gla.ac.uk/media/Media_22230_smxx.pdf (Accessed on: 27/1/2023). Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union, (2015), Available at: https://www.wto.org/ english/thewto_e/acc_e/kaz_e/wtacckaz85_leg_1.pdf, (Accessed on: 28/1/2023). Eurasian Economic Union (2022) “Uzbekistan: Cooperation for Building Trade and Economic Relations”, Available at: https://eec.eaeunion.org/en/news/eaes-uzbekistan-sotrudnichestvo-v-tselyakh-narashchivaniya-torgovo-ekonomicheskikh-svyazey/, (Accessed on: 29/1/2023). Everett, S. Lee (1966) “A Theory of Migration”, Demography, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 47-57, (doi: 10.2307/2060063). Giddens, Anthony (2008), Sociology, Translated by Manouchehr Sabouri Kashani, Tehran: Ney Publishing. [in Persian]. Haj Hosseini, Hossein. (2005), “A Look at Migration Theories”, Strategy Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 41, Fall, pp. 35-46, [in Persian]. IOM (2018), “Kyrgyzstan: Extended Migration Profile (2015-2018)”, Available at: https://kyrgyzstan.un.org/en/node/32093 (Accessed on: 17/7/2023). Jones, Huw and Allan M. Findly (1998), “Regional Economic Integration and the Emergence of the East Asian International Migration System”, Geoforum, Vol. 29, pp. 87-104, (doi:10.1016/S0016-7185(97)00024-9). Khaje Nouri, Bijan (1401), Theory of International Migration, Tehran: Tarhe No. [in Persian]. Khishtovani, Giorgi (2020), “Reviewing Migration and Development the Role of Local Authorities in Central Asia”, CAREC Institute, Available at: https://www.carecinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/VFP-2020-migration-in-Central-Asia.pdf, (Accessed on: 27/1/2023). Kholmatova, Nodira (2018) “Changing the Face of Labor Migration? The Feminization of Migration from Tajikistan to Russia” in: Marlene Laruelle and Caress Schenk (eds), Eurasia on the Move: Interdisciplinary Approaches to a Dynamic Migration Region, Washington, D.C.: The George Washington University, Central Asia Program, Available at: file:///C:/Users/USER/ Downloads/The_Feminization_of_Migration_from_Tajik-1.pdf, (Accessed on: 29/1/2023). Kirkham, Ksenia (2016), “The Formation of the Eurasian Economic Union: How Successful is the Russian Regional Hegemony?”, Journal of Eurasian Studies, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 111-128, (doi:10.1016/j.euras.2015.06.002). Lahasaizadeh, Abdul Ali (1989), Theories of Migration, Shiraz: Navid Publications. [in Persian]. Laruelle, Marlène (2007) “Central Asian Labor Migrants in Russia: The "Diasporization" of the Central Asian States?”, China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, Vol. 5, No. 3 , pp.101-119, Available at: https://isdp.eu/content/ uploads/images/stories/isdp-main-pdf/2007_laurelle_central-asian-labor-migrants-in-russia.pdf (Accessed on: 29/1/2023). Madiyev, Oybek (2021) “The Eurasian Economic Union: Repaving Central Asia’s Road to Russia?”, Migration Policy Institute, Available at: https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/eurasian-economic-union-central-asia-russia,(Accessed on: 29/1/2023). Mehkoui, Hojjat and Mahnaz Gooderzi (2018), "Effect of the Eurasian Economic Union on the Geoeconomic Situation of the Islamic Republic of Iran", Central Eurasia Studies, Vol. 12, No. 2, Fall and Winter, pp. 519-538, (doi: 10.22059/jcep.2019.267106.449803), [in Persian]. Mangalam, J. J. and Harry K. Schwarzweller (1970) “Some Theoretical Guidelines Toward a Sociology of Migration” International Migration Review, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 5-21 (doi: 10.2307/3092047). Massey, Douglas S. (1990), Social Structure, Household Strategies, and the Cumulative Causation of Migration, Population Index, (doi: 10.1177/ 019791837000400201). Molodikava, Irina (2017), “Two Decades of CIS Coexistence: The Transformation of the Visa-Free Movement” in: Sonja Nita (ed), Migration, Free Movement and Regional Integration, UNESCO, Available at: https://www.cris.unu.edu/ sites/cris.unu.edu/files/Migration%2C%20free%20movement%20and%20regional%20integration.pdf (Accessed on: 27/1/2023). Olimova, Saodat (2015), “Tajikistan’s prospects of Joining the Eurasian Economic Union”, Russian Analytical Digest, No. 165, Available at: https://css.ethz.ch/ content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/pdfs/RAD-165-13-16.pdf ( Accessed on: 29/1/2023). Pédussel Wu, Jennifer (2004), Measuring and Explaining Levels of Regional Economic Integration, ZEI Working Paper, No. B, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Zentrum für Europäische Integrationsforschung (ZEI), Bonn. Available at: https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/39591/1/ 393967123.pdf (Accessed on: 28/1/2023). Prague Process (2022), Country Factsheets, Available at: https://pragueprocess.eu/ en/migration-observatory/interactive-map (Accessed on: 17/7/2023). Rahim, Afaf and et. al (2018), “Regional Integration and Migration Between Low-and-Middle-Income Countries: Regional Initiatives Need to be Strengthened”, G20 Insight, Available at: https://www.g20-insights.org/policy_briefs/regional-integration-and-migration-between-low-and-middle-income-countries-regional-initiatives-need-to-be-strengthened (Accessed on: 28/1/2023). Rakhmonov, Abubakr Kh. and Roman V. Manshin (2020), “Impact of Labor Migrants from Tajikistan on the Economic Security of the Russian Federation”, RUDN Journal of Economics, Vol. 28 No. 4, pp.778-786, (doi: 10.22363/2313-2329-2020-28-4-778-786). Rakhmanov, Mirzokhid and Farkhod Yokubov (2022), “Uzbekistan External Migration: Key Trends and Directions”, Eurasian Research Journal, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 27-47, (doi: 10.53277/2519-2442-2022.1-02). Ravenstein, Ernst Georg (1889), “The Laws of Migration”, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Vol. 52, No.2, pp. 241–305, (doi: 10.2307/2979181). Rocheva, Anna and Evgeni Varshaver (2018) “Gender Dimension of Migration from Central Asia to the Russian Federation”, Asia-Pacific Population Journal, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 87–135, (doi: 10.18356/e617261d-en). Ryazantsev, Sergey V. and Galina N. Ochirova (2019), “The Impact of Labor Migration on the Sustainable Development of Central Asia”, Ponte, International Journal of Sciences and Research, Vol. 75, No. 7, pp. 86-99, (doi: 10.21506/j.ponte.2019.7.9). Sagynbekova, Lira (2017), International Labour Migration in the Context of the Eurasian Economic Union, Working Paper, No. 39, Institute of Public Policy, and Administration, Available at: https://ucentralasia.org/media/lwqgjidz/uca-ippa-wp-39-international-labour-migration-in-eng.pdf [Accessed on: 17/7/2023]. The Global Economy (2021) “Tajikistan: Remittances, Percent of GDP”, Available at: https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Tajikistan/remittances_percent_GDP/ (Accessed on: 27/1/2023). Personal remittances, Received (% of GDP) – Uzbekistan (2022) The World Bank, Received (% of GDP) Uzbekistan” Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/ indicator/BX.TRF.PWKR.DT.GD.ZS?locations=UZ, (Accessed on: 27/1/2023). Personal Remittances, Received (% of GDP) – Turkmenistan (2022) The World Bank, Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.TRF.PWKR.DT. GD.ZS?locations=TM ,(Accessed on: 27/1/2023). Personal Remittances, Received (% of GDP) – Kazakhstan (2022), The World Bank, Available at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.TRF.PWKR.DT. GD.ZS?locations=KZ, (Accessed on: 27/1/2023). UN DESA (2020) “International Migrant Stock 2019: by Destination and Origin”, Available at: https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/ data/estimates2/estimates19.asp (Accessed on: 29/1/2023). Veysi, Hadi (2021), "Eurasian Economic Union and Iran's Regionalism", Central Eurasia Studies, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 377-400, (doi: 10.22059/jcep.2021.310374. 449954), [in Persian]. Wallerstein, Immanuel (1974), The Modern World System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy in the Sixteenth Century. Academic Press, New York. Werner, Heinz (1994), “Regional Economic Integration and Migration: The European Case”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 534, pp. 147-164, (doi: 10.1177/0002716294534001012). White, Christopher C. (2011) The Relationship Between International Migration and Regional Integration, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), Dissertation, International Studies, Old Dominion University. Zanjani, Habibullah (2001), Migration, Tehran: SAMT. [in Persian]. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 371 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 248 |
||