پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 161 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 6,532 |
| تعداد مقالات | 70,504 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 124,122,582 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 97,230,609 |
تضادهای قومی: تدوین یک شاخص جامع فرهنگی | ||
| مطالعات و تحقیقات اجتماعی در ایران | ||
| مقاله 2، دوره 13، شماره 1 - شماره پیاپی 50، فروردین 1403، صفحه 17-33 اصل مقاله (1.27 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jisr.2024.369594.1468 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| آزاد نمکی1؛ محمد فاضلی2؛ یعقوب احمدی* 3 | ||
| 1گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی تهران، تهران، ایران | ||
| 2دکتری جامعه‌شناسی، پژوهشگر مسائل اجتماعی ایران، تهران، ایران | ||
| 3گروه علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه پیام نور تهران، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| درحالی‌که جریان غالب جامعه‌شناسی و نیز علوم سیاسی بیشتر بر نهادها، کنشگران نخبه و دخالت‌های خارجی برای تبیین تضادهای قومی/مذهبی متمرکز بوده است، جامعه‌شناسی فرهنگی و جامعه‌شناسی فرهنگ، دریچه‌ای دیگر به این پدیده گشوده و نقش عوامل فرهنگی و نظام ارزشی را در بروز و ظهور آن برجسته می‌کند. اما بررسی چرایی این پدیده از منظر فرهنگی مستلزم وجود معیاری دقیق برای سنجش آن است که بتواند ارتباط نظام فرهنگی و ارزشی جوامع و تحولات مربوط به آن را با بروز تضادهای قومی- مذهبی بسنجد. در این پژوهش، داده‌های ارزشی و نگرشی مورد پالایش نظری و آماری قرار گرفت. علاوه بر آن، در یک بررسی نظام‌مند طولی ده‌ساله، ارتباط تجربی این شاخص فرهنگی با تضادهای قومی/مذهبی روی‌داده در سراسر جهان سنجیده شد. در دور اول این مطالعۀ طولی 81 کشور-جامعه و در دور دوم 93 کشور و درنهایت، با تجمیع تمام نمونه‌ها، ارتباط نظام فرهنگی/ارزشی و تضاد بررسی شد. یافته‌ها از انسجام «شاخص تضاد» مرکب از چهار عامل بنیادی دربرگیرندگی گروهی، عدم تساهل، مردانگی و احساس برگزیدگی حکایت می‌کنند. نتایج نشان می‌دهد شاخص تضاد توانسته است بخش قابل‌توجهی از کنشگری‌های مبتنی بر قوم و مذهب بر علیه دیگری یا بین دولت و گروه‌های قومی/مذهبی را تبیین کند. آزمون رگرسیون حاکی از آن است که حدود 40 درصد از تغییرات تضاد سطح کشوری با فرهنگ تضاد قابل‌پیش‌بینی است. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| تبعیض؛ تضاد قومی؛ تضاد مذهبی؛ شاخص فرهنگی تضاد؛ فرهنگ تضاد | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Ethnic Conflicts: Developing a Comprehensive Cultural Index | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Azad Namaki1؛ Mohammad Fazeli2؛ Yaghoub Ahmadi3 | ||
| 1Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Letters and Human Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran | ||
| 2PhD in Sociology, Researcher of Iranian Social Issues. Tehran, Iran | ||
| 3Department of Social Sciences, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| In the prevailing currents of sociology and political science, the primary emphasis has traditionally leaned towards the examination of institutions, elite actors, and foreign interventions as explanatory factors for ethnic and religious conflicts. However, cultural sociology and the sociology of culture have introduced an alternative perspective, providing an additional lens through which to understand this phenomenon. These branches of study underscore the significance of cultural factors and value systems, shedding light on their pivotal role in the genesis of such conflicts. However, investigating the causal relationship between the cultural and value systems of societies and their respective developments with ethnic-religious conflicts requires a precise standard to measure it. Value and attitude Data underwent both theoretical and statistical refinement. Furthermore, a comprehensive ten-year longitudinal study systematically examined the empirical relationship between the cultural index and ethnoreligious conflicts. The initial phase of this longitudinal investigation involved 81 countries, followed by an expanded sample of 93 countries in the second round. Finally, through the aggregation of the entire dataset, the relationship between the cultural index and ethnoreligious conflicts was thoroughly measured. The findings indicate the cohesion of the conflict index comprised of four foundational cultural factors—embeddedness, intolerance, masculinity, and the sense of being chosen. Results reveal that this conflict index has demonstrated the capacity to elucidate a substantial portion of activism rooted in ethnicity and religion, whether directed against the other or manifested in conflicts between the government and ethnic/religious groups. The regression analysis indicates that approximately 40 percent of the variations in country-level conflicts can be predicted by the cultural factors inherent in the conflict index. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Conflict Culture, Cultural Index of Conflict, Ethnic | ||
|
سایر فایل های مرتبط با مقاله
|
||
| مراجع | ||
|
احمدی، یعقوب، احمدی، وکیل، گودرزی، سعید و عبدالمالکی، پروانه (1400). تبیین جامعه‌شناختی مدارا و ابعاد آن (مورد مطالعه: شهروندان هجده سال به بالای استان کرمانشاه). مطالعات و تحقیقات اجتماعی در ایران. 10(3)، 379-408. https://doi.org/10.22059/jisr.2020.314662.1154
نش، کیت (1382). جامعه‌شناسی سیاسی معاصر: جهانی‌شدن، سیاست و قدرت. ترجمۀ محمدتقی دل‍ف‍روز. تهران: ک‍وی‍ر.
Ahmadi, Y., Ahmadi, W., Gudarzi, S., & Abdolmaleki, P. (2021). Sociological Explanation of Tolerance and its Dimensions (Case Study: Citizens over 18 Years Old in Kermanshah Province). Quarterly of Social Studies Research in Iran, 10(3), 379-408. https://doi.org/10.22059/jisr.2020.314662.1154 (In Persian)
Alexander, J. C. (2006). The meanings of social life: A cultural sociology. Oxford University Press, USA.
Almakaeva, A., Welzel, C., & Ponarin, E. (2018). Human empowerment and trust in strangers: The multilevel evidence. Social Indicators Research, 139(3), 923–962. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-017-1724-z
Barometer, C. (2021). disputes non-violent crises violent crises limited wars wars, 29. Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research, Heidelberg.
Brown, M. E. (2001). The Causes of Internal Conflict. In Michael Edward Brown, S. E. Miller, O. R. Cote, & S. M. Lynn-Jones (Eds.), Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict. The MIT Press.
Davies, S., Pettersson, T., & Öberg, M. (2023). Organized violence 1989–2022, and the return of conflict between states. Journal of Peace Research, 60(4), 691–708. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234332311851
De Rivera, J. (2004). Assessing the basis for a culture of peace in contemporary societies. Journal of Peace Research, 41(5), 531–548. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343304045974
del LLANO, C. H. (2017). Positive tolerance and solidarity. A paradigm change to counter the “Globalization of indifference.” Analele Universității de Vest Din Timișoara-Seria Drept, 1, 15–24.
Diamond, L. (1992). Economic development and democracy reconsidered. American Behavioral Scientist, 35(4–5), 450–499. https://doi.org/10.1177/000276429203500407
Dixon, J. (2009). What causes civil wars? Integrating quantitative research findings. International Studies Review, 11(4), 707–735. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2486.2009.00892.x
EVS. (2021). EVS Trend File 1981-2017. GESIS Data Archive, Cologne. ZA7503 Data file Version 2.0.0. https://doi.org/10.4232/1.13486
Fearon, J. D. (2003). Ethnic and cultural diversity by country. Journal of Economic Growth, 8(2), 195–222. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024419522867
Flanagan, S. C., & Lee, A.-R. (2003). The new politics, culture wars, and the authoritarian-libertarian value change in advanced industrial democracies. Comparative Political Studies, 36(3), 235–270. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414002250664
Fox, J. (2017). Religion and State Codebook: Round 3.
Galtung, J. (1969). Violence, peace, and peace research. Journal of Peace Research, 6(3), 167–191. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234336900600301
Galtung, J. (1990). Cultural Violence. Journal of Peace Research, 27(3), 291–305. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343390027003005
Galtung, J. (1996). Peace by peaceful means: Peace and conflict, development and civilization (Vol. 14). Sage.
Galtung, J. (2004). Transcend and transform: An introduction to conflict work. Pluto Press in association with Transcend.
Galtung, J., & Fischer, D. (2013). Johan Galtung, Pioneer of Peace Research. Springer.
Greener, P., & Ware, H. (2007). The no-nonsense guide to conflict and peace. http://site.ebrary.com/id/10627445
Inglehart, R., Haerpfer, C., Moreno, A., Welzel, C., Kizilova, K., Diez-Medrano J., M. Lagos, P. Norris, E. P. & B. P. (Ed.). (2022). World Values Survey: All Rounds – Country-Pooled Datafile Version 3.0. https://doi.org/10.14281/18241.17
Inglehart, R., & Welzel, C. (2005). Modernization, cultural change, and democracy: The human development sequence. Cambridge university press.
Inglehart, R., & Welzel, C. (2009). How development leads to democracy: What we know about modernization. Foreign Affairs, 33–48. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20699492
Inglehart, R., & Welzel, C. (2010). Changing mass priorities: The link between modernization and democracy. Perspectives on Politics, 551–567. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592710001258
Inglehart, R., Welzel, C., & Puranen, B. (2013). Reinventing the Kantean Peace: The Emerging Mass Basis of Global Security. Higher School of Economics Research Paper No. WP BRP, 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2373153
Lane, J.-E., & Ersson, S. (2016). Culture and politics: a comparative approach. Routledge.
Lipset, S. M. (1994). The social requisites of democracy revisited: 1993 Presidential Address. American Sociological Review, 59(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.2307/2096130
Mahoney, J. (2004). Revisiting general theory in historical sociology. Social Forces, 83(2), 459–489. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2005.0018
Nash, K. (2012). Contemporary political sociology: globalization, politics and power. Translated by: M. T. Delforouz. Tehran: Kavir Publications. (In Persian)
Ross, M. H. (2007). Cultural contestation in ethnic conflict. Cambridge University Press.
Ross, Marc Howard. (1986). A Cross-Cultural Theory of Political Conflict and Violence. Political Psychology, 7(3), 427. https://doi.org/10.2307/3791250
Ruck, D. J., Matthews, L. J., Kyritsis, T., Atkinson, Q. D., & Bentley, R. A. (2020). The cultural foundations of modern democracies. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(3), 265–269. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0769-1
Schwartz, S. H. (2010). Basic values: How they motivate and inhibit prosocial behavior. Prosocial Motives, Emotions, and Behavior: The Better Angels of Our Nature, 221–241. https://doi.org/10.1037/12061-012
Schwartz, S. H. (2012). An overview of the Schwartz theory of basic values. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 2(1), 919–2307. https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1116
Shcherbak, A. (2012). Does Culture Matter? The Impact of Tolerance on Economic Modernization in a Comparative Perspective. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2009177
Smith, A. D. (1992). Chosen peoples: Why ethnic groups survive. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 15(3), 436–456. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1992.9993756
Smith, A. D. (2003). Chosen peoples: [sacred sources of national identity]. Oxford University Press.
Smith, A. D. (2015). Chosen peoples. The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism, 1–4.
UNDP. (2004). Human development report 2004: Cultural liberty in today’s diverse world (Vol. 2004).
United Nations. (1999). Declaration on a Culture of Peace, A/RES/53/243 A.
Vanhanen, T. (1999). Ethnic conflicts explained by ethnic nepotism. Research in Biopolitics, 7, 1–392. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343399036001004
Vanhanen, T. (2012). Ethnic conflicts. Ulster Institute for Social Research.
Veri, F., & Sass, J. (2022). The domestic democratic peace: How democracy constrains political violence. International Political Science Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/01925121221092391
Welzel, C. (2012). Freedom rising: Human empowerment and the quest for emancipation. In Freedom Rising: Human Empowerment and the Quest for Emancipation. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139540919
Welzel, C. (2013). Freedom rising human empowerment and the quest for emancipation. Cambridge University Press.
Welzel, C. (2014). Evolution, empowerment, and emancipation: How societies climb the freedom ladder. World Development, 64, 33–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.05.016
Welzel, C. (2020). A cultural theory of regimes. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(3), 231–232. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-019-0790-4
Welzel, C., & Inglehart, R. (2010). Agency, values, and well-being: A human development model. Social Indicators Research, 97(1), 43–63. https:/doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9557-z
Welzel, C., & Inglehart, R. (2019). Political Culture, Mass Beliefs, and Value Change. In Democratization. (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
Wiarda, H. J. (2016). Political culture, political science, and identity politics: An uneasy alliance. In Political Culture, Political Science, and Identity Politics: An Uneasy Alliance. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315601168 | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 220 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 185 |
||
