1کارشناس ارشد سینما، گروه سینما، دانشکده هنر، دانشگاه سوره، تهران، ایران.
2دانشیار گروه سینما، دانشکده سینما و تئاتر، دانشگاه هنر، تهران، ایران.
چکیده
بیگانگی از مفاهیم کلیدی تاریخ اندیشه است که به انحاء مختلف در آراء برخی فلاسفه از دوران باستان تا‌کنون تجلی یافته و به جداافتادگی انسان از چیزی متعلق به سرشت او اشاره دارد. در نظریه روان‌کاویِ لکان نیز یادگیری زبان سبب می‌شود تا دیگری میل انسان را در محدوده‌ی دال محصور ساخته و بدین تقدیر او را از خود بیگانه سازد. پژوهش حاضر از طریق مطالعه‌ا‌ی میان‌رشته‌ای در حوزه‌های سینما، فلسفه و روان‌کاوی با اتخاذ روش توصیفی-تحلیلی، تجلی مفهوم بیگانگی را با تأکید بر آراء لکان در فیلم‌های کارگردان معاصر آمریکایی، پل تامس اندرسن مورد واکاوی قرار داده و این فرضیه را مطرح می‌کند که در تمام فیلم‌های اندرسن، قهرمان داستان همچون سوژه‌ای لکانی‌ست که برای یافتن معنا مجبور به پذیرش زبان دیگری بزرگ می‌شود. در سینمای اندرسن نظام سرمایه‌داری را می‌توان به مثابه استعاره‌ای از دیگری بزرگ دانست که منویات‌اش را از طریق فرهنگ‌ها و خرده‌فرهنگ‌های آمریکایی در فیگور یک «پدر یا خانواده جانشین» عرضه می‌کند، چنان‌که هدف نمایشی قهرمان‌های اندرسن با دال تعیین شده در این روابط جانشینی گره می‌خورد. در پایان این نتیجه حاصل می‌شود که اصلی‌ترین دغدغه‌ی اندرسن در خلق آثارش هویت انسانی ست که میل‌ورزی‌اش در چارچوب قانون دیگری محدود گشته است.
Analysis of "Alienation" in Paul Thomas Anderson's Cinema with focus on Jacques Lacan’s Ideas
نویسندگان [English]
Mehrdad Akbari1؛ Seyyed Ali Rouhani2
1 Master of Cinema, Department of Cinema, Faculty of Art, Soore University, Tehran, Iran.
2Associate Professor, Department of Cinema, Faculty of Cinema and Theater, University of Art, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]
The concept of alienation has been extensively discussed in the history of modern thought, emphasizing the estrangement of individuals from intrinsic elements of their environments. This concept has been expressed in various forms by prominent Western philosophers. Those of them who have spoken about alienation do not agree on the nature of human essence. For example, Saint Augustine considered alienation as the separation of humans from the kingdom of God and saw the way back to it in obeying the commandments of the Church, while thinkers such as Feuerbach or Nietzsche saw Christian doctrine as the cause of human alienation from their own presence or nature . Nevertheless, all these philosophers agree on the point that humans have an essence and have fallen away from that essence. Jacques Lacan considered alienation as a necessary condition for the subject's entry into symbolic order. According to Lacan, Cartesian duality cannot reveal all that the subject is, because the Descartes skeptic, who realizes his own existence through his thinking, only informs about a conscious subject, while Lacan considers the nature of the subject to be unconscious and made by language. Lacan, in his psychoanalytical perspective, posited that individuals become alienated from themselves upon acquiring the ability to speak, allowing others to confine their desires within the bounds of signification through language. While the Other’s desire is manifested in language, Lacan believes that man's desire is the desire of the Other. This study focuses on the manifestation of alienation in the films of contemporary American director Paul Thomas Anderson by employing an interdisciplinary approach, encompassing cinema, psychoanalysis and philosophy. Using a descriptive analytical method, this research aims to prove the hypothesis that the concept of alienation is the main theme in Andersen's cinema, which is manifested as a leitmotif in all of his films. Throughout Anderson's films, the protagonist resembles a Lacanian alienated subject compelled to embrace the Other’s language in the pursuit of meaning. The big Other in Anderson's films is a metaphor of capitalism that presents American cultures and subcultures through surrogate relationships. The "surrogate family" and at the head of it the surrogate father turns Andersen's characters into subjects who renounce freedom in the dangerous world of The Real in favor of escaping loneliness and finding identity in the symbolic world. In this symbolic world, Andersen's heroes are in a situation similar to the situation of the unconscious subject described by Lacan. The protagonists in Anderson's works are intricately bound to the signifiers established within these surrogate relationships. Ultimately, this study reveals that Anderson's primary preoccupation in his films is human identity, one whose desires are limited within the framework set by paternal law. As Lacan considers the neurotic as the most common position of the subject, Andersen's characters are generally Neurotics who accept the Other’s rules. However, the hysteric subject in The Master, the psychotic character in Inherent Vice, and the pervert subject in Phantom Thread define the different position of the subject in the face of the Other.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
Alienation, Desire, Jacques Lacan, Language, Paul Thomas Anderson, Surrogate Family
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