ABSTRACT
Climate change, characterized by reduced precipitation, elevated temperatures, recurrent droughts, and a burgeoning population coupled with imbalanced groundwater utilization, has precipitated severe water crises in urban environments. Kabudarahang City, situated in Hamadan province, exemplifies this challenge, grappling with a critical water shortage exacerbated by excessive groundwater extraction, the operational demands of the Moftah hydroelectric power plant, and inefficacious water management practices. This research investigates the determinants of urban resilience in Kabudarahang amidst escalating water scarcity, considering its implications for agricultural, industrial, and domestic water consumption. For this purpose, a questionnaire-based survey was administered to city residents, and structural equation modeling was employed to identify critical causal pathways. Findings reveal that the root cause of the water crisis in the study area is attributable to the mismanagement and inadequate planning associated with the establishment of the Shahid Moftah power plant on the Kabudarahang plain. Moreover, the study underscores the significance of economic, physical, institutional, social, environmental, and psychological factors in influencing urban resilience. Specifically, economic illiteracy, rapid urbanization and technological advancements, organizational deficiencies in water consumption, sourcing, and distribution, a deficit in public awareness, unsustainable groundwater exploitation, and a prevailing sense of despair among residents emerged as key challenges.
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Mismanagement of surface and groundwater resources has precipitated water crises with far-reaching social, economic, and political implications. Iran, characterized by an arid climate with an average rainfall of less than a third of the global mean, is particularly vulnerable. Consequently, the country grapples with a severe water crisis and its attendant consequences. The concept of urban resilience has emerged as a promising strategy for mitigating the impacts of such crises. Originating in ecological studies focused on environmental disturbances, the notion of urban resilience has been adapted to examine the capacity of cities to withstand shocks. This research investigates the determinants of urban resilience in Kabudarahang City, Hamadan Province, amidst a deepening water crisis. By examining residents’ resilience to water scarcity, this study aims to identify the key dimensions of resilience and their role in enhancing community adaptability. Ultimately, this research seeks to understand how social, institutional, physical, economic, environmental, and psychological factors contribute to overall social resilience in small towns facing water crises.
Methodology
This research employed a two-phase methodology. The initial phase focused on identifying and prioritizing components influencing urban resilience against water crises in Kabudarahang City. A comprehensive literature review and theoretical framework underpinned the extraction of six key components: a) economic, social, environmental, physical, institutional, and psychological. Each component was further delineated into sub-components, operationalized through a Likert scale questionnaire. b) In the subsequent phase, data collected from respondents were analyzed using SPSS. Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to assess the relationships among the identified components. The relative importance of sub-components within each primary component was determined through independent sample t-tests.
Results and discussion
The study population primarily comprised educated, employed males with long-term residency (over 20 years) and a high degree of civic engagement. Given this profile, all six dimensions of urban resilience were examined.
In the economic dimension, economic awareness, business livelihood diversity, and economic damage positively correlated with resilience. The physical dimension was influenced by civil development, urban infrastructure, and land-use change. Institutional resilience was positively associated with effective monitoring of unauthorized wells, efficient organizational management, robust inter-agency communication, and participatory water resource management. Social resilience was linked to effective public information dissemination, a sense of responsibility, social cohesion, trust, and appropriate agricultural training. Environmental resilience was negatively impacted by excessive groundwater extraction, pollution from the Shahid Muftah power plant and sewage systems, soil type, land degradation, and inadequate sanitation. Finally, a strong sense of belonging positively influenced psychological resilience, mitigating pessimism about the future.
Kabudarahang City is facing a severe water crisis due to a combination of factors, including climate change, population growth, and mismanagement. The construction of the Shahid Moftah Power Plant has exacerbated the situation, leading to increased water demand and public blame for the formation of sinkholes. The research focuses on strategies to enhance urban resilience to water scarcity. Key recommendations include: a) Improving water management: Implementing stricter regulations on groundwater extraction, encouraging efficient water use in agriculture, industry, and households, and establishing incentive and penalty systems. b) Strengthening institutional capacity: Empowering government agencies to enforce regulations, fostering collaboration between the public and government, and creating post-flood expert groups. c) Raising public awareness: Educating the public about the consequences of water scarcity, promoting social responsibility, and disseminating information about successful water management practices in neighboring areas. d) Diversifying livelihoods: Encouraging job changes and entrepreneurship to reduce reliance on water-intensive activities, particularly in agriculture.
Overall, the research emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach to address the water crisis in Kabudarahang, involving both government intervention and community engagement.
Conclusion
Key components influencing urban resilience against water crises include economic, social, environmental, physical, institutional, and psychological factors. While the institutional component theoretically holds significant potential, its practical implementation is notably deficient. This, in conjunction with other factors, has contributed to elevated levels of migration and a pervasive sense of despair among residents (psychological component). Moreover, despite a high level of public awareness regarding the water crisis, its integration into daily life and livelihood remains limited, except in instances of compulsion. This discrepancy warrants further investigation in subsequent research.
Funding
There is no funding support.
Authors’ Contribution
Authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none.
Conflict of Interest
Authors declared no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper. |
- آراسته، مژگان؛ باغبان، امیر و باغبان، ساجده. (1399). شناسایی عوامل کلیدی مؤثر بر تاب‌آوری شهری با رویکرد آینده‌نگاری: مطالعه موردی: کلان‌شهر مشهد. برنامه‌ریزی توسعه کالبدی، 7(2)، 63-78. https://doi.org/ 10.30473/psp.2020.7007
- حسینی، علی و عبادی، ابوالفضل. (1401). تحلیل آسیب‌پذیری اکولوژیکی با تأکید بر سنجش تاب‌آوری منطقه‌ای، موردمطالعه استان تهران. نهمین همایش ملی مطالعات و تحقیقات نوین در حوزه علوم جغرافیا، معماری و شهرسازی، تهران.
- حسینی، علی، یدالله نیا، هاجر، محمدی، منصوره و شکاری، سعید. (1399). تحلیل تاب‌آوری اجتماعی بر اساس شاخص‌های سرمایه اجتماعی در شهر تهران. مجله شهر پایدار، 3(1)، 19-39. https://doi.org/ 10.22034/jsc.2020.218514.1192
- سالاری گنج‌آباد، فاطمه، حیدری تاشه کبود، اکبر و اسدی، روح اله (1401). تحلیل سناریوهای تاب‌آوری شهری با تأکید بر بحران آب در شهر جیرفت. جغرافیا و توسعه ناحیه‌ای. انتشار آنلاین. doi.org:10.22067/JGRD.2022.73225.1083
- شیران زائی، شهرام و آقاجانی، دردانه. (1402). آسیب‌شناسی فرآیند تدوین خط‌مشی‌های محیط‌زیست (موردمطالعه سنجش محیط‌زیست طبیعی-دریاچه ارومیه). علوم و تکنولوژی محیط‌زیست، 25(2)، 71-86. https://doi.org/ 10.30495/jest.2023.66932.5668.
- صادق لو طاهره، مقدم شخصی و مهسا، رویا بهشتی (1397). سنجش میزان تاب‌آوری کلان‌شهر مشهد در برابر بحران کمبود آب. اولین همایش ملی بحران کم‌آبی و مدیریت آن در مناطق خشک ایران.
- صادق لو، طاهره، و سجاسی قیداری، حمداله (1393). اولویت‌بندی عوامل مؤثر بر افزایش تاب‌آوری کشاورزان در برابر مخاطرات طبیعی (با تأکید بر خشک‌سالی) منطقه موردمطالعه: کشاورزان روستاهای شهرستان ایجرود. جغرافیا و مخاطرات محیطی، 3(10)، 129-153. https://doi.org/ 10.22067/geo.v3i2.29042.
- مسعودیان، سید ابوالفضل. (1390). آب‌وهوای ایران. مشهد: انتشارات شریعه توس.
- میرزائی، عزت اله، جلالی، عبداله، جودکی، حمیدرضا، و اربابی سبزواری، آزاده (1398). تحلیل میزان تاب‌آوری شهری در برابر بحران آب مطالعه موردی: شهر تهران. شهر ایمن، 2(5)، 1-14.
- یادگاری‌فر، فاطمه، پودینه، محمدرضا و اسمعیل‌نژاد، مرتضی. (۱۴۰۲). ارزیابی تاب‌آوری شهرستان زاهدان در برابر بحران آب و خشک‌سالی. نشریه تحقیقات کاربردی علوم جغرافیایی، ۲۳ (۶۸)، ۳۴۵-۳۶۴. https://doi.org/ 10.52547/jgs.23.68.345
- Abdillah, A., Widianingsih, I., Buchari, R. A., & Nurasa, H. (2023). Implications of urban farming on urban resilience in Indonesia: Systematic literature review and research identification. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 9(1), 2216484. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2023.2216484
- Abunyewah, M., Byrne, M. K., Keane, C. A., & Bressington, D. (2023). Developing psychological resilience to the impact of drought. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4), 3465. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/ijerph20043465.
- Adger, W. N. (2000), Social and Ecological Resilience: Are They Related?. Progress in Human Geography 24, 347–364. https://doi.org/10.1191/030913200701540465.
- Amirsadat, M., Omidipoor, K., Bastaminia, A., & Meshkinghalam, M. M. (2023). Resilience capacities to reduce the impacts of natural disasters (flood). https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2388363/v1.
- Arasteh, M., Baghban, A., & Baghban, S. (2020). Identification of Key Factors Affecting Urban Resilience with a Foresight Approach (Case Study: Mashhad Metropolis). Physical Social Planning, 7(2), 63-78. https://doi.org/ 10.30473/psp.2020.7007 [In Persian].
- Asian Development Bank (2000). Final Report on management study on land use and water management; TA No. 2871.
- Bandyopadhyay, N., Bhuiyan, C., & Saha, A. K. (2020). Drought mitigation: Critical analysis and proposal for a new drought policy with special reference to Gujarat (India). Progress in Disaster Science, 5, 100049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2019.100049
- Blazquez-Soriano, A., & Ramos-Sandoval, R. (2022). Information transfer as a tool to improve the resilience of farmers against the effects of climate change: the case of the Peruvian National Agrarian Innovation System. Agricultural Systems, 200, 103431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2022.103431.
- Bruneau, M., & Reinhorn, A. M. (2018). Structural engineering dilemmas, resilient EPCOT, and other perspectives on the road to engineering resilience. In Routledge Handbook of Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure (pp70-93). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315142074-5
- Burrow P. (2005). The global water crisis; Davis Model United Nations Conference 2005.
- Chen, C., Xu, L., Zhao, D., Xu, T., & Lei, P. (2020). A new model for describing the urban resilience considering adaptability, resistance and recovery. Safety Science, 128, 104756. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104756.
- Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. Modern methods for business research, 295(2), 295-336.
- Christopher, M. S., Hunsinger, M., Goerling, L. R. J., Bowen, S., Rogers, B. S., Gross, C. R., ... & Pruessner, J. C. (2018). Mindfulness-based resilience training to reduce health risk, stress reactivity, and aggression among law enforcement officers: A feasibility and preliminary efficacy trial. Psychiatry research, 264, 104-115. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.059.
- Coaffee, J., Therrien, M. C., Chelleri, L., Henstra, D., Aldrich, D. P., Mitchell, C. L., ... & Participants. (2018). Urban resilience implementation: A policy challenge and research agenda for the 21st century. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 26(3), 403-410. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5973.12233.
- Cutter, S. L., Ash, K. D., & Emrich, C. T. (2014). The geographies of community disaster resilience. Global environmental change, 29, 65-77. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.08.005.
- Davoudi, S., Shaw, K., Haider, L. J., Quinlan, A. E., Peterson, G. D., Wilkinson, C., ... & Davoudi, S. (2012). Resilience: a bridging concept or a dead end?“Reframing” resilience: challenges for planning theory and practice interacting traps: resilience assessment of a pasture management system in Northern Afghanistan urban resilience: what does it mean in planning practice? Resilience as a useful concept for climate change adaptation? The politics of resilience for planning: a cautionary note: edited by Simin Davoudi and Libby Porter. Planning theory & practice, 13(2), 299-333. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2012.677124.
- Desouza, K. C., & Flanery, T. H. (2013). Designing, planning, and managing resilient cities: A conceptual framework. Cities, 35, 89–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2013.06.003.
- Falkenmark, M., Wang-Erlandsson, L., & Rockström, J. (2019). Understanding of water resilience in the Anthropocene. Journal of Hydrology X, 2, 100009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydroa.2018.100009
- Gangwal, U., & Dong, S. (2022). Critical facility accessibility rapid failure early-warning detection and redundancy mapping in urban flooding. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 224, 108555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2022.108555
- Gulyas, B. Z., & Edmondson, J. L. (2021). Increasing city resilience through urban agriculture: Challenges and solutions in the Global North. Sustainability, 13(3), 1465. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031465
- Gunduz, C., Oner, A. C., & Knox, P. L. (2016). Social resilience in Aegean slow cities: slow city Seferihisar. Universal Journal of Management, 4(4), 211-222. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujm.2016.040407.
- Hosseini, A. & Ebadi, A. (2022). Ecological vulnerability analysis with an emphasis on measuring regional resilience, the case study of Tehran province. 9th National Conference of Modern Studies and Research in the field of Geography, Architecture and Urban Planning of Iran, Tehran. [In Persian].
- Hosseini, A., Yadala Nia, H., Mohammadi, M., & Shekari, S. (2020). Analysis of Social Resilience based on Social Capital Indicators in Tehran. Journal of Sustainable city, 3(1), 19-39. https://doi.org/ 10.22034/jsc.2020.218514.1192. [In Persian].
- Johannessen, Å., & Wamsler, C. (2017). What does resilience mean for urban water services?. Ecology and Society, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08870-220101.
- Labaka, L., Maraña, P., Giménez, R., & Hernantes, J. (2019). Defining the roadmap towards city resilience. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 146, 281-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.05.019
- Langemeyer, J., Madrid-Lopez, C., Beltran, A. M., & Mendez, G. V. (2021). Urban agriculture—A necessary pathway towards urban resilience and global sustainability?. Landscape and Urban Planning, 210, 104055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104055
- Liang, Z., Jiang, C., Sun, M., Xue, Z., & Li, Y. F. (2023). Resilience analysis for confronting the spreading risk of contagious diseases. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 239, 109525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2023.109525
- Liu, Q., Jian, W., & Nie, W. (2021). Rainstorm-induced landslides early warning system in mountainous cities based on groundwater level change fast prediction. Sustainable Cities and Society, 69, 102817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.102817
- Maleksaeidi, H., & Karami, E. (2013). Social-ecological resilience and sustainable agriculture under water scarcity. Agroecology and sustainable food systems, 37(3), 262-290. https://doi.org/10.1080/10440046.2012.746767
- Martin, R. (2012), Regional Economic Resilience, Hysteresis and Recessionary Shocks. Journal of Economic Geography, 12, 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbr019
- Masoudian, S. A. (2010). Climate of Iran. Mashhad: Sharia-e Tos Publications.
- McKune, S., Poulsen, L., Russo, S., Devereux, T., Faas, S., McOmber, C., & Ryley, T. (2018). Reaching the end goal: Do interventions to improve climate information services lead to greater food security?. Climate Risk Management, 22, 22-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2018.08.002
- McPhearson, T., Andersson, E., Elmqvist, T., & Frantzeskaki, N. (2015). Resilience of and through urban ecosystem services. Ecosystem Services, 12, 152–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.07.012
- Meerow, S., & Newell, J. P. (2015). Resilience and complexity: A bibliometric review and prospects for industrial ecology. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 19(2), 236-251. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12252
- Meerow, S., Newell, J. P., & Stults, M. (2016). Defining urban resilience: A review. Landscape and urban planning, 147, 38-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.11.011
- Mehmood, A. (2016). Of resilient places: planning for urban resilience. European planning studies, 24(2), 407-419. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2015.1082980
- Mirzaei, E., Jalali, A., Jodaki, H., & Arbabi Sabzevari, A. (2019). Analyzing the level of urban resilience against the water crisis, a case study: Tehran city. Safe City, 2(1), 93-104. [In Persian].
- OECD. (2014). Managing water for future cities: Policy Perspectives.
- Ozuduru, B. H., Varol, C., & Ercoskun, O. Y. (2014). Do shopping centers abate the resilience of shopping streets? The co-existence of both shopping venues in Ankara, Turkey. Cities, 36, 145-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2012.10.003
- Pahl-Wostl, C. (2009). A conceptual framework for analysing adaptive capacity and multi-level learning processes in resource governance regimes. Global environmental change, 19(3), 354-365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2009.06.001
- Patel, R., & Nosal, L. (2016). Defining the resilient city. New York: United Nations University Centre for Policy Research. ISBN: 978-92-808-9034-1
- Pfefferbaum, R. L., Pfefferbaum, B., Van Horn, R. L., Klomp, R. W., Norris, F. H., & Reissman, D. B. (2013). The communities advancing resilience toolkit (CART): An intervention to build community resilience to disasters. Journal of public health management and practice, 19(3), 250-258. https://doi.org/ 10.1097/PHH.0b013e318268aed8
- Pot, W. (2023). Deciding for resilience: Utilizing water infrastructure investments to prepare for the future. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 10(5), e1661. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1661
- Prianto, A. L., & Abdillah, A. (2023). Resilient Cities, Vulnerable Communities: Disaster Governance in the Coastal Cities in Indonesia. In A. Singh (Ed.), International Handbook of Disaster Research. Springer.//https://doi.org/ 10.1007/978-981-19-8388-7_193
- Resilient Cities. (2018). 100 Resilient Cities Programme [online]. Available at: Last Accessed 20 July 2018. https://www.100resilientcities.org/.
- Rockefeller Foundation. (2015). The city resilience framework. New York City: Author.
- Rodina, L. (2019). Water resilience lessons from Cape Town's water crisis. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water, 6(6), e1376. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1376
- Romero-Lankao, P., & Gnatz, D. M. (2013). Exploring urban transformations in Latin America. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 5(3-4), 358-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2013.07.008
- Rose, A. (2004). Defining and Measuring Economic Resilience to Disasters. Disaster Prevention and Management, 13 (4), 307-314. https://doi.org/10.1108/09653560410556528
- Sadeghloo, T., & Sojasi Qeidari, H. (2014). Ranking of Effective Factors for Farmer Resilience increasing Against of Natural Hazards (With emphasis on drought) Study area: rural farmer in Ijrud province. Journal of Geography and Environmental Hazards, 3(2), 129-154. https://doi.org/ 10.22067/geo.v3i2.29042. [In Persian].
- Sadeghlou T., Moghaddam, M., & Beheshti, R. (2016), Measuring the resilience of Mashhad metropolis against the water shortage crisis. National conference on water shortage crisis and its management in dry areas of Iran. [In Persian].
- Saikia, P., Beane, G., Garriga, R. G., Avello, P., Ellis, L., Fisher, S., ... & Jiménez, A. (2022). City Water Resilience Framework: A governance based planning tool to enhance urban water resilience. Sustainable Cities and Society, 77, 103497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103497
- Salari Ganjabad, F., Heydari Tashekaboud, A., & asadi, R. (2022). Analysis the Urban Resilience Scenarios with Emphasis on Whater crisis in the Jiroft City. Journal of Geography and Regional Development, In press. https://doi.org/10.22067/JGRD.2022.73225.1083 [In Persian].
- Savari, M., & Amghani, M. S. (2022). SWOT-FAHP-TOWS analysis for adaptation strategies development among small-scale farmers in drought conditions. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 67, 102695. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102695
- Savari, M., Damaneh, H. E., & Damaneh, H. E. (2023). Effective factors to increase rural households' resilience under drought conditions in Iran. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 90, 103644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103644
- Scanlon, B. R., Fakhreddine, S., Rateb, A., de Graaf, I., Famiglietti, J., Gleeson, T., ... & Zheng, C. (2023). Global water resources and the role of groundwater in a resilient water future. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 4(2), 87-101. Https://doi.org/ 10.1038/s43017-022-00378-6
- Sellberg, M. M., Ryan, P., Borgström, S. T., Norström, A. V., & Peterson, G. D. (2018). From resilience thinking to Resilience Planning: Lessons from practice. Journal of environmental management, 217, 906-918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.012
- Shiran Zaei, S. & Aghajani, D. (2023). Pathology of the process of developing environmental policies (the case study of natural environment assessment - Lake Urmia). Environmental Science and Technology, 25(2), 71-86. https://doi.org/ 10.30495/jest.2023.66932.5668. [In Persian].
- Simmie, J. & R. Martin (2010), The Economic Resilience of Regions: Towards an Evolutionary Approach. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 3, 27–43. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsp029.
- Spaans, M., & Waterhout, B. (2017). Building up resilience in cities worldwide–Rotterdam as participant in the 100 Resilient Cities Programme. Cities, 61, 109-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2016.05.011
- Taghizadeh, M. E., & Rashidpour, S. (2015). The effectiveness of therapeutic spirituality and self-concept and resilience of abused children (Physical, sexual, emotional and neglect) aged 7 to 12 years in Tehran. International Journal on Arts, Management and Humanities, 4(2), 24.
- United Nations (2018). The World's Cities in 2018.
- Wang, C. H., & Blackmore, J. M. (2009). Resilience concepts for water resource systems. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 135(6), 528-536. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-949
- Wang, P., Qiao, W., Wang, Y., Cao, S., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Urban drought vulnerability assessment–A framework to integrate socio-economic, physical, and policy index in a vulnerability contribution analysis. Sustainable Cities and Society, 54, 102004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.102004
- Welsh, M. (2014). Resilience and responsibility: governing uncertainty in a complex world. The geographical journal, 180(1), 15-26. https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12012
- Xu, Q., Zhu, G., Qu, Z., & Ma, G. (2023). Earthquake and tourism destination resilience from the perspective of regional economic resilience. Sustainability, 15(10), 7766. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15107766
- Yadegarifar F, Poodineh M, Esmaelnejad M. (2023). Evaluation of Zahedan Resilience against Water and Drought Crisis. Journal of Applied researches in Geographical Sciences, 23(68), 345-364. https://doi.org/ 10.52547/jgs.23.68.345 [In Persian].
- Zeng, X., Yu, Y., Yang, S., Lv, Y., & Sarker, M. N. I. (2022). Urban resilience for urban sustainability: Concepts, dimensions, and perspectives. Sustainability, 14(5), 2481. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14052481.
|
