تعداد نشریات | 161 |
تعداد شمارهها | 6,532 |
تعداد مقالات | 70,501 |
تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 124,098,359 |
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 97,206,024 |
نقش آزادیهای سیاسی در نابرابریهای جنسیتی: مشاهدات جهانی | ||
زن در توسعه و سیاست | ||
مقاله 3، دوره 22، شماره 3، مهر 1403، صفحه 619-652 اصل مقاله (1.09 M) | ||
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jwdp.2024.376579.1008449 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
مهدی حاج امینی* 1؛ آمنه زارع2؛ ابوالفضل دهقانی3؛ مسعود نیکوقدم4 | ||
1دانشیار، گروه اقتصاد، دانشکدۀ اقتصاد، مدیریت و حسابداری، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران. | ||
2کارشناس ارشد، گروه اقتصاد، دانشکدۀ اقتصاد، مدیریت و حسابداری، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران. | ||
3دانشجوی دکتری اقتصاد، گروه اقتصاد، دانشکدۀ اقتصاد، مدیریت و حسابداری، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران | ||
4استادیار گروه اقتصاد، دانشکدۀ علوم انسانی، دانشگاه بجنورد، بجنورد، ایران. | ||
چکیده | ||
در دنیای کنونی، موقعیتهای اجتماعی-اقتصادی زنان و مردان متحول شده است، اما کماکان رگههایی از ایدئولوژیهای مردانه بهویژه در کشورهای توسعهنیافته و درحالتوسعه مشاهده میشود. گروهی معتقدند بقای این نابرابری فرصتها بهلحاظ تاریخی و نهادی، به نقش دولتها بهعنوان سپری که از منافع مردان پاسداری میکرده مربوط میشود. به همین دلیل، پژوهش حاضر با دو روش تجزیۀ واریانس و جنگل تصادفی و بهکارگیری بیش از 2500 مشاهده (94 کشور طی دورۀ زمانی 1970-2020) به بررسی نقش ساختار سیاسی و قدرت در نابرابریهای جنسیتی میپردازد. بدینمنظور از شاخصهای حقوق سیاسی و آزادیهای مدنی و همچنین ابعاد ششگانۀ فرهنگی هافستد استفاده شده است. براساس نتایج تجزیۀ واریانس، دو بعد ساختار سیاسی دموکراتیک (حقوق سیاسی و آزادیهای مدنی) در توضیح تفاوت میان توسعۀ جنسیتی و نابرابری جنسیتی کشورها نقش معنیداری داشتند و بهویژه تفاوت اصلی بین کشورهای غیرآزاد و نیمهآزاد با کشورهای آزاد است. یافتههای جنگل تصادفی نیز تأیید کرد که تأکید بر آزادیهای مدنی و حقوق سیاسی برای برخورداری از جامعهای با تبعیض جنسیتی محدود، امری ضروری است. در مقابل، نتایج مربوط به نقش و اهمیت ویژگیهای فرهنگی، بسیار شکننده است و بسته به نمونه یا شاخص جنسیتی مورد استفاده تغییر خواهد کرد. سیاستگذاران با یک مبادلۀ سیاستی میان آزادی و رفع تبعیض مواجه نیستند، بلکه یک انتخاب همه یا هیچ دارند و تلاش برای نظام سیاسی آزاد و کاهش نابرابری جنسیتی و بهبود توسعۀ انسانی دو روی یک سکه هستند. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
آزادی سیاسی؛ ابعاد فرهنگی هافستد؛ توسعۀ جنسیتی؛ نابرابری جنسیتی | ||
عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
The Role of Political Freedoms in Gender Inequalities: Global Evidence | ||
نویسندگان [English] | ||
Mehdi Hajamini1؛ Ameneh Zare2؛ Abolfazl Dehghani3؛ Masoud Nikooghadam4 | ||
1Associate Professor in Economics, Department of Economics, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. | ||
2Master’s Degree in Economics, Department of Economics, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. | ||
3PhD Candidate of Economics, Department of Economics, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. | ||
4Assistant professor of Economics, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran. | ||
چکیده [English] | ||
In today’s world, the socio-economic statuses of women and men have evolved; however, the effects of masculine ideologies are still evident, particularly in developing and underdeveloped countries. The function of governments as a shield that protects the interests of men is widely believed to be historically and institutionally related to this inequality of opportunities. As a result, the present paper has investigated the role of political structure and power on gender inequalities using two methods of variance analysis and random forest, as well as over 2500 observations from 94 countries between 1970 and 2020. For this purpose, Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and political rights and civil liberties indicators were implemented. Based on the variance analysis, two dimensions of democratic political structure were found to be significantly involved in the explanation of the disparity between gender development and gender inequality, particularly the primary difference between not-free and partly-free countries and free countries. In order to experience a society with minimal gender discrimination, it is imperative to prioritize civil liberties and political rights, as the random forest results also confirmed. However, the results concerning cultural characteristics are exceedingly susceptible to fluctuations and are contingent upon the sample or gender index . A policy trade-off between gender freedom and development is not presented to policymakers in developing and underdeveloped countries; rather, they are presented with an all-or-nothing choice. Reducing gender inequality and achieving a free political system are two aspects of the same coin. | ||
کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
Political Freedom, Gender Inequality, Gender Development, Hofstede's cultural Dimensions | ||
سایر فایل های مرتبط با مقاله
|
||
مراجع | ||
Ahmadi, E. (2018). The relationship between knowing gender roles as inflexible and defense of gender discrimination in men and women. Women’s Studies, 9(1), 25-35. (In Persian) Andersson, M. A., & Harnois, C. E. (2020). Higher exposure, lower vulnerability? The curious case of education, gender discrimination, and Women’s health. Social Science & Medicine, 246, 112780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112780 Bando, R. (2019). Evidence-based gender equality policy and pay in Latin America and the Caribbean: progress and challenges. Latin American Economic Review, 28(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40503-019-0075-3 Bavetta, S., Navarra, P., & Maimone, D. (2014). Freedom and the pursuit of happiness: An economic and political perspective. Cambridge University Press. Bayeh, E. (2016). The role of empowering women and achieving gender equality to the sustainable development of Ethiopia. Pacific Science Review B: Humanities and Social Sciences, 2(1), 37-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psrb.2016.09.013 Breiman, L. (2001). Random forests. Machine learning, 45, 5-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010950718922 Bukhari, F. Y., & Ramzan, M. (2013). Gender discrimination: A myth or truth women status in Pakistan. Journal of Business and Management, 8(2), 88-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/487X-0828897 Chaboki, O. (2003). Education and gender in Iran. Women’s Studies Sociological and Psychological, 1(2), 70-100. (In Persian) Charles, I. E., & Ikenna, M. A. (2009). Electoral process and gender discrimination in Nigeria: a case study of 2003 and 2007 general elections. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 10(4), 113-128. Dahlum, S., Knutsen, C. H., & Mechkova, V. (2022). Women’s political empowerment and economic growth. World Development, 156, 105822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105822 DeCoster, J. (2006). Testing group differences using t-tests, ANOVA, and nonparametric measures. Desai, V., & Potter, R. (2013). The companion to development studies. Translated by Ali Khalandi (2020). Tehran: Nahadgara Publication. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203528983 (In Persian) Friedman, M. (1962). Capitalism and Freedom. Translated by: Gh. R. Rashidi. Tehran: Nashreney. https://doi.org/10.7312/blau17412-074 (In Persian) Gastil, R. D. (1987). Freedom in the World Westport. https://doi.org/10.2307/1955962 Gonzales, M. C., Jain-Chandra, M. S., Kochhar, M. K., & Newiak, M. M. (2015b). Fair play: More equal laws boost female labor force participation. International Monetary Fund. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781498354424.006 Gonzales, M. C., Jain-Chandra, M. S., Kochhar, M. K., Newiak, M. M., & Zeinullayev, M. T. (2015a). Catalyst for change: Empowering women and tackling income inequality. International Monetary Fund. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781513533384.006 Gunduz, C. (2004). Human rights and development: The World Bank’s need for a consistent approach. Development Studies Institute Working Paper, (04-49). Havelková, B. (2010, January). The legal notion of gender equality in the Czech Republic. In Women's Studies International Forum (Vol. 33, No. 1, pp. 21-29). Pergamon. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2009.11.009 Hosseininezhad, S., Safdar, S., & Luu, L. A. N. (2022). Perceptions of gender roles and freedom among Iranian international students in Hungary. In Women's Studies International Forum (Vol. 90, p. 102555). Pergamon. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2021.102555 Iqbal, H., Afzal, S., & Inayat, M. (2012). Gender discrimination: implications for Pakistan security. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1(4), 16-25. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-0141625 Kaltenborn, M., Krajewski, M., & Kuhn, H. (2020). Sustainable development goals and human rights (p. 239). Springer Nature. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30469-0 Kenworthy, L., & Malami, M. (1999). Gender inequality in political representation: A worldwide comparative analysis. Social Forces, 78(1), 235-268. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/78.1.235 Lauri, M., Carbin, M., & Linander, I. (2023, July). The rise of carceral feminism in Sweden: Analysing political debate and policy on men’s violence against women. In Women's Studies International Forum (Vol. 99, p. 102780). Pergamon. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2023.102780 Makama, G. A. (2013). Patriarchy and gender inequality in Nigeria: The way forward. European Scientific Journal, 9(17). Matthew, O., Adeniji, A., Osabohien, R., Olawande, T., & Atolagbe, T. (2020). Gender inequality, maternal mortality and inclusive growth in Nigeria. Social Indicators Research, 147, 763-780. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11205-019-02185-x McClave, J.T., & Sincich, T. (2016). Statistics. Pearson Education. Meagher, K., Attal, B., & Patel, P. (2021). Exploring the role of gender and women in the political economy of health in armed conflict: A narrative review. Globalization and Health, 17, 1-9. https://globalizationandhealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12992-021-00738-9
Milazzo, A., & Goldstein, M. (2019). Governance and women’s economic and political participation: Power inequalities, formal constraints and norms. The World Bank Research Observer, 34(1), 34-64. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lky006 Mill, J. S. (1859). On Liberty. Translated by: M. Sanaei. Tehran: Roshangaran Publication. (In Persian) Mill, J. S. (1866). The subjection of women. Translated by Aladdin Tabatabai (2011). Tehran: Hermes Publication. (In Persian) Millns, S. (2007). Gender equality, citizenship, and the EU’s constitutional future. European Law Journal, 13(2), 218-237. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0386.2007.00365.x Movahed, M. A. (2014). If anyone is at homeUniversal Declaration of Human Rights. Tehran: Karnameh Publication. (in Persian) Nikooghadam, M., Gholizadeh Amirabad, M., & Khoshnoodi, A. (2019). The effect of women empowerment on the democracy development. Women in Development and Politics, 16(4), 621-640. https://doi.org/10.22059/jwdp.2019.263033.1007470 (In Persian) Nouri Naeeni, M. S. (2006). Development, water or mirage. Tehran: Nashreney. (In Persian) Pateman, C. (1988). The sexual contract stanford university press. Palo Alto, California. Petesch, P., & Badstue, L. (2020). Gender norms and poverty dynamics in 32 villages of South Asia. International Journal of Community Well-Being, 3(3), 289-310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42413-019-00047-5 Pishgahifard, Z., Zohdi Goharpour, M., & Abedinirad, A. (2014). The Study of gender empowerment functions in development of women’s political participation case: Countries of the Central Asia and the Caucasus. Central Eurasia Studies, 7(2), 265-289. https://doi.org/10.22059/jcep.2014.52979 (In Persian) Ponthieux, S., & Meurs, D. (2015). Gender inequality. In Handbook of income distribution (Vol. 2, pp. 981-1146). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-59428-0.00013-8 Rasoulzadeh Aghdam, S., & Zomorrodi Soda, Sh. (2013). Role of family in shaping opinions gendered. Journal Of Specialized Social Science, 10(36), 101-120. (In Persian)
Rietveld, C. A., & Patel, P. C. (2022). Gender inequality and the entrepreneurial gender gap: Evidence from 97 countries (2006–2017). Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 32(4), 1205-1229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00191-022-00780-9 Ruhani, A., & Abedi Diznab, M. (2020). Dualism of discrimination and hope, a trajectory of gender discrimination among middle-class women in Tabriz, a Grounded Theory. Women in Development and Politics, 18(1), 55-79. https://doi.org/10.22059/jwdp.2020.290289.1007723 (In Persian) Sen, A. (1999). Development as freedom. Translated by: S. M. S. Nouri Naeeni. Tehran: Nashreney. (in Persian) Sen, A. (2006). Identity and violence: The illusion of destiny. Translated by: F. Majlesi. Tehran: Payan Publication. (In Persian) Shastri, A. (2014). Gender inequality and women discrimination. IOSR Journal of Humanities and social science, 19(11), 27-30. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0837-191172730 Šidák, Z. (1967). Rectangular confidence regions for the means of multivariate normal distributions. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 62(318), 626-633. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1967.10482935 Stroup, M. D. (2008). Separating the influence of capitalism and democracy on women’s well-being. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 67(3-4), 560-572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2007.08.005 Weldon, S. L., Lusvardi, A., Kelly-Thompson, K., & Forester, S. (2023, July). Feminist waves, global activism, and gender violence regimes: Genealogy and impact of a global wave. In Women’s Studies International Forum (Vol. 99, p. 102781). Pergamon. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2023.102781 Yount, K. M., Cheong, Y. F., Khan, Z., Bergenfeld, I., Kaslow, N., & Clark, C. J. (2022). Global measurement of intimate partner violence to monitor sustainable development goal 5. BMC public health, 22(1), 465. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12822-9 Zolfaghari, V. (2021). Women’s political representation and its relation with corruption in the political life cycle (with emphasis on the role of international media). International Media Research Letters, 6(1), 287-315. (In Persian) | ||
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 338 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 188 |