پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 162 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 6,622 |
| تعداد مقالات | 71,539 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 126,866,711 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 99,907,298 |
نقش غرب در بحران‌های 2014 و 2022 اوکراین و طولانی‌شدن آن‌ها | ||
| مطالعات اوراسیای مرکزی | ||
| مقالات آماده انتشار، اصلاح شده برای چاپ، انتشار آنلاین از تاریخ 25 آذر 1403 اصل مقاله (968.65 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jcep.2024.377585.450230 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| سعید وثوقی1؛ علی موسائی* 2 | ||
| 1دانشیار روابط بین‌الملل، گروه علوم سیاسی، دانشکدۀ اقتصاد و علوم اداری، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران | ||
| 2دانش آموختۀ دکتری روابط بین‌الملل، دانشکدۀ اقتصاد و علوم اداری، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| از زمان رخداد بحران 2014 و حملۀ نظامی روسیه به اوکراین در 24 فوریۀ 2022، پژوهشگران تلاش کرده‌اند دلایل ایجاد این بحران‌ها را واکاوی کنند و به نتایج متفاوتی دست‌یافته‌اند. گروهی علت شکل‌گیری بحران‌های 2014 و 2022 اوکراین را تلاش روسیه برای جلوگیری از گسترش اتحادیۀ اروپا و ناتو و هم‌مرزشدن آن‌ها با این کشور دانسته‌اند. گروهی دیگر، علت ایجاد این بحران‌ها را به تمایل روسیه به قدرت‌یابی و بازگشت به بزرگی دوران شوروی و سیاست‌های غرب‌گرایانۀ اوکراین مربوط دانسته‌اند. در این نوشتار می‌خواهیم از دیدگاهی دیگر به این پرسش پاسخ دهیم. هدف اصلی این نوشتار، یافتن پاسخ این پرسش است که غرب چه نقشی در ایجاد بحران‌های 2014 و 2022 اوکراین و طولانی‌شدن آن‌ها داشته است؟ در پاسخ، این فرضیه مطرح می‌شود که غرب با سه راهبرد طعمه‌گذاری، موازنه‌سازی و مداخله‌های جانبدارانه زمینه را برای ایجاد بحران‌های 2014 و 2022 اوکراین و طولانی‌شدن آن‌ها فراهم کرده است، تا از این راه از قدرت‌یابی روسیه جلوگیری کند. یافته‌های نویسندگان نشان می‌دهد که اوکراین همواره از زمان استقلال، ابزاری در دست غرب بوده است تا با استفاده از آن روسیه را تضعیف کند و برای رسیدن به این هدف از سه راهبرد طعمه‌گذاری، موازنه‌سازی و مداخله‌جویی هدفمند استفاده شده است. در این نوشتار از روش کیفی مطالعۀ موردی چندگانه بهره گرفته‌ایم. داده‌ها نیز به با استفاده از منابع کتابخانه‌ای گردآوری و با رویکردی توصیفی‌تحلیلی در بستر نظریۀ واقع‌گرایی تهاجمی تجزیه‌وتحلیل شده است. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| مداخله‌جویی؛ طعمه‌گذاری؛ موازنه‌سازی بحران؛ واقع‌گرایی تهاجمی؛ اوکراین | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| The West’s Role in the 2014 and 2022 Ukrainian Crises and their Prolongation | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Saeed Vosoughi1؛ Ali Mousaei2 | ||
| 1Associate Professor of International Relations, Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran | ||
| 2Ph. D. in International Relations, Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Introduction: Researchers have divided the cause of the 2014 and 2022 Crises in Ukraine into three categories. Some have attributed the 2014 and 2022 crises in Ukraine to Russia's efforts to prevent the expansion of the European Union and NATO and the bordering of these institutions with this country and another group links the cause of these crises to Russia's desire to gain power and return to the greatness of Soviet era, as well as Ukraine's western policies. But from the authors' perspective, the cause of these crises should also be examined from another perspective, which is the role of the West in the emergence of these crises and their prolongation. Accordingly, this article attempts to analyze the West’s role in the occurrence of the 2014 and 2022 crises in Ukraine and their prolongation, using the propositions of the theory of offensive realism. Research question: What role did the West play in the outbreak and prolongation of the 2014 and 2022 crises in Ukraine? Research hypothesis: The research hypothesis is because the West, through three strategies of baiting, balancing, interventon, prepared the ground for the 2014 and 2022 crises in Ukraine and their prolongation in order to prevent Russia from gaining power. Methodology and theoretical framework: A qualitative multiple case study method was used to answer the research question and test the hypothesis. The data was collected using a library resource and analyzed using a descriptive-analytical approach within the framework of the theory of offensive realism. Results and discussion: The results indicated that the diferent strategies have been used by west to prevent Russian from prolonging presence of Russia on Ukrain territory and impact the sitiation. However, sofar results are not in faveore west and Russia has upper hand in Ukrain. Of course, the futre of Ukrain crisis is not so clear and has comelications for both sides. In fact, Ukraine has effectively played the role of two poles of power, a victim of the competition between Russia and the West and a prey and tool for the West's goals against Russia. Conclusion: According to the propositions of offensive realism, achieving a position of hegemony is the goal of great powers. Great powers always try to become hegemon by increasing their power and when they become hegemons, they use various strategies to increase their power and manage and control their rivals to prevent the hegemony of other powers. In fact, the West has always tried to take full advantage of the country's desire to get closer to the West by inciting and encouraging Ukrainian officials to join Western institutions in line with its strategic goal of expanding its sphere of influence in Eastern Europe, and geopolitically encircling Russia, in this regard Ukraine has been a tool in the hands of the West to use this country's card to counter its traditional threat. Therefore, after independence, this country has always been the scene of competition between the West and Russia and has witnessed serious conflicts and various political-security crises. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Bloodletting, Baiting, Balancing, Crisis, Offensive Realism, Ukraine | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Abdekhodayi, Mojtaba and Mohammad Ali Rahimi Nejad (2018), “America`s Strategies against IR during the Last Forty Years”, Islamic Revolution Studies, Vol. 15, No. 55, pp. 165-184, Available at: https://enghelab.maaref.ac.ir/article-1-1070-fa.html, (Accessed on: 16/4/2024), [in Persian]. Bagheri, Reza and Alireza Kazami (2023), “The Re-Securitization of Russia by NATO and Western Countries Based on the Theory of Collective Security”, Country Studies, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 607-630, (doi: 10.22059/JCOUNTST.2023.363511.1051), [in Persian]. Black, James, Charlotte Kleberg, and Erik Silfversten (2024), “NATO Enlargement Emidst Russia’s War in Ukraine”, Rand Europe, Available at: https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/perspectives/PEA3200/PEA3236-1/RAND_PEA3236-1.pdf, (Accessed on: 9/12/2024). Borhani, Zahra, Nasrin Mosaffa and Abu Mohammad Asgar Khani (2016), The Opposition of Russia to the Development of NATO to East and the Separatist Movement at the Eastern Ukraine, Master Thesis in International Relations, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, [in Persian]. Brzezinski, Zbigniew (1997), The Grand Chessboard, New York: Basic Books. Dehghani Firouzabadi, Jalal and Manouchehr Moradi (2016), “Western Threats, Russia’s Perception and the Ukraine Crisis”, Foreign Relations, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 25-55, (doi: 20.1001.1.20085419.1395.8.2.2.8), [in Persian]. Demir, Sertif (2022), “The 2022 Russia-Ukraine War: Reasons and Impacts”, Mehmet Seyfettin Erol, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 13-40, Available at: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2369182, (Accessed on: 26/4/2024). Etesami, Sohail, Yusuf Karami and Mojtaba Rezaeivand (2019), "Ukraine's Geopolitics and the Interests of the Great Powers", Humanities and Islamic Strategic Studies, No. 18, pp. 1-22, Available at: http://dl.pantajournals.ir:8080/uploads/pdf/2019411133245367.pdf, (Accessed on: 17/4/2024), [in Persian]. EU Assistance to Ukraine (2024), Delegation of the European Union to the United States of America, Available at: https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/united-states-america/eu-assistance-ukraine-us-dollars_en?s=253, (Accessed on: 23/4/2024). European Neighbourhood Policy (2004), EUR-Lex (European Union), Available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX:52004DC0373, (Accessed on: 23/4/2024). Gateva, Eli. (2016), European Union Enlargement Conditionality, London, Palgrave Macmillan. Gehnen, Hendrik (2008), Die Nord Stream Pipeline: Politisches Instrument oder Interkonnektor?, Masterarbeit in den Internationale Beziehungen, Universität Oslo. Götz, Elias (2018), “It’s Geopolitics, Stupid: Explaining Russia’s Ukraine Policy’, Outlines of Global Transformations: Politics, Economics, Law, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 6-17, (doi: 10.23932/2542-0240-2016-9-4-6-17). Götz, Elias and Jørgen Staun (2022), “Why Russia Attacked Ukraine: Strategic Culture and Radicalized Narratives”, Contemporary Security Policy, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 482-497, (doi:10.1080/13523260.2022.2082633). Hamilton, Danie and Joseph Quinlan (2023), “The Transatlantic Economy 2023”. Transatlantic Bus. Council and Amcham-EU, Available at: https://www.amchameu.eu/sites/default/files/publications/files/transatlantic_economy_2023.pdf, (Accessed on: 9/12/2024). Hedayati Shahidani, Mehdi and Sedigheh Azin (2024), “The Impact of the Ukraine War on the Role of the EU in the West's Confrontation with Russia”, Central Eurasia Studies, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 373-396, (doi: 10.22059/jcep.2024.352162.450116), [in Persian]. Javanpour Heravi, Aziz, Mohammad Reza Mousavi and Rahim Nowrozi (2018), “The Impact of the American Missile Defense Shield Plan on the Security of Regional Powers; Russia-Iran Case Study “, Political Studies, Vol. 38, No. 10, pp. 1-30, Available at: https://sanad.iau.ir/Journal/jourm/Article/960351, (Accessed on: 13/4/2024), [in Persian]. Joint Declaration of the Prague Eastern Partnership Summit (2009), Council of the Eropean Union, Available at: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/31797/2009_eap_declaration.pdf, (Accessed on: 10/4/2024). Kalantari, Fathullah and Hassan Mohamadi Monfared (2023), “The Results of the War between Russia and Ukraine in the Formation of the New World Order”, Strategic Defense Studies, Vol. 21, No. 92, pp. 178-210, Available at: https://sds.sndu.ac.ir/article_2373.html?lang=en,(Accessed on: 22/4/2024), [in Persian]. Karami, Jahangir and Mohammadreza Sourtchi (2023), “Russia-America Strategic Competition: International Dimensions and Consequences”, Central Eurasia Studies, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 295-317. (doi: 10.22059/jcep.2023.349654.450104), [in Persian]. Karamzadi, Muslim and Fahima Khansari Fard (2015), "The Study of Ukraine-Russia Relations: Roots of the 2014 Crisis", Central Asia and the Caucasus Journal, Vol. 20, No. 86, pp. 135-159, Available at: http://ca.ipisjournals.ir/article_14426.html?lang=en,(Accessed on: 8/4/2024), [in Persian]. Kurdi, Mehdi (2024), “Examining the Reasons for the Membership of Sweden and Finland in NATO”, Iranian Journal of International Relations, Available at: https://www.iirjournal.ir/837, (Accessed on: 2/4/2024), [in Persian]. Lohmann, Sascha and Kirsten Westphal (2019), “US-Russland-Politik Trifft Europäische Energieversorgung: die Folgen Unilateraler Sanktionen und Wachsender Marktkonkurrenz”, SWP-Aktuell. No. 1, pp. 1-8, (doi: 10.18449/2019A01). Lokker, Nicholas, Jim Townsend, Heli Hautala and Andrea Taylor (2023), "How Finnish and Swedish NATO Accession Could Shape the Future Russian Threat." Center for a New American Security, No. 24, pp. 1-9, Available at: https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/how-finnish-and-swedish-nato-accession-could-shape-the-future-russian-threat, (Accessed on: 9/12/2024). Masters, Jonathan and Will Merrow (2024), “How Much Aid Has the U.S. Sent Ukraine? Here Are Six Charts”, Council on Foreign Relations, Available at: https://www.cfr.org/article/how-much-aid-has-us-sent-ukraine-here-are-six-charts, (Accessed on: 4/4/2024). Matsaberidze, David. (2015), “Russia vs. EU/US through Georgia and Ukraine”, Connections, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 77-86, (doi: 10.11610/Connections.14.2.06). Mazaheri, Mohammad Mahdi (2022), “Does the Membership of Sweden and Finland in NATO Undermine European Security?”, Institute for Political and International Studies, Available at: https://www.ipis.ir/portal/newsview/680888, (Accessed on: 9/12/2024), [in Persian]. Mearsheimer, John (2015), The Tragedy of Great Powers Politics, Translated by: Chegnizadeh, Fourth Edition, Tehran, Political and International Studies, [in Persian]. Mearsheimer, John. (2022), “The Causes and Consequences of the Ukraine War”, Horizons: Journal of International Relations and Sustainable Development, No. 21, pp. 12-27, Available at: https://www.cirsd.org/files/000/000/009/75/ 401141581c665840ebdf7c1304da4a9486211f99.pdf, (Accessed on: 13/4/2024). Michalski, Anna (2009), “The Eastern Partnership: Time for an Eastern Policy of the EU?”, European Policy Analysis, No. 14, pp. 1-11, Available at: https://sieps.se/en/publications/2009/the-eastern-partnership-time-for-an-eastern-policy-of-the-eu-200914epa/Sieps-2009_14_epa.pdf?(Accessed on: 14/4/2024). Mousaei, Ali, Enayatollah Yazdani and Mohammad Ali Basiri (2023), “The Importance of Ukraine and its Role in the Competition and Confrontation between Russia and the West “, Geopolitics, Vol. 19, No. 71, pp. 299-329, (doi: 20.1001.1.17354331.1402.19.71.11.6). [in Persian] Nord Stream 2 (2021), Gazprom, Available at: https://www.gazprom.com/projects/nord-stream2/, (Accessed on: 24/3/2024). Rezaei, Nima and Mojtaba Shariati (2023), “Investigate the Causes of Heavy Casualties of the Russian Army in the First Sixty Days of the 2022 War with Ukraine”, Defense Policy, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 177-213, (doi: 20.1001.1.10255087.1402.32.124.7.7), [in Persian]. Steff, Reuben and Nicholas Khoo (2014), “Hard Balancing in the Age of American Unipolarity: The Russian Response to US Ballistic Missile Defense during the Bush Administration (2001–2008)”, Strategic Studies, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 222-258, (doi: 10.1080/01402390.2013.866556). Stoltenberg, Jens. (2024), “NATO Leader Highlights Programs to Increase Defense, Deterrence”, U.S. Department of Defense, Available at: https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3678551/, (Accessed on: 21/4/2024). The Partnership for Peace (1994), Congressional Research Service: Library of Congress, Available at: https://www.everycrsreport.com/files/19940809_94-351_a6f9be314c03364eb813a78bfa9268de74d9881b.pdf, (Accessed on: 19/3/2024). Ukraine Aid: Where the Money Is Coming from, in 4 Charts (2024), CNN News, Available at: https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/05/world/ukraine-money-military-aid-intl-dg/index.html, (Accessed on: 22/4/2024). Valizadeh, Akbar, Simin Shirazi and Hamidreza Azizi. (2015), “The Impact of Ukraine Crisis in 2014 on the Relations of United States of America and Russia “, Central Eurasia Studies, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 149-171, (doi: 10.22059/jcep.2015.54966), [in Persian]. War in Ukraine, Global Conflict Tracker )2024(, The Center for Preventive Action, Available at: https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/conflict-ukraine, (Accessed on: 29/3/2024). What Is the Process of Joining NATO and How lucky Is Ukraine to Join the Alliance. (2022), EuroNews, Available at: https://per.euronews.com/2022/02/18/what-is-the-process-of-joining-nato-and-how-lucky-is-ukraine-to-join-the-alliance, (Accessed on: 27/3/2024). | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 92 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 92 |
||
سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی. قدرت گرفته از سیناوب