Alavi Asl, S. A., Majidian, M., Modares Sanavy, S. A. M., & Esfahani, M. (2023). Effect of wood vinegar and humic acid on morphological and biochemical traits, antioxidant enzymes, and essential oil of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) under water deficit stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science, 54(3), 163-176. DOI: 10.22059/IJFCS.2023.356625.654990. (In Persian).

Alavi Asl, S. A., Majidian, M., Modares Sanavy, S. A. M., & Esfahani, M. (2024). Changes of biochemical and main compounds of peppermint essential oil (Mentha piperita L.) under the influence of humic acid and wood vinegar under water deficit stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science, 55(2). DOI: 10.22059/IJFCS.2023.363279.655022. (In Persian).

Amani Machiani, M., Javanmard, A., Ostadi, A., & Morshedloo, M. R. (2021). Evaluation of essential oil yield and ecological Indices in the intercropping of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.) with application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 31(3), 31-50. DOI: 10.22034/SAPS.2021.13687. (In Persian).

Amany, S., Al-Toukhy, A., & Bafeel, S. (2016). Effect of chemical, organic and bio fertilizers on photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrates and minerals of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) irrigated with sea water. International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences, 3, 296-310.

Amini Pak Soltani, S., Modarres-Sanavy, S. A. M., & Sadat Asylan, K. (2022). The effect of wood vinegar and biochar on the quantitative and qualitative yield of soybean in water shortage condition. Environmental Stresses in Crop Sciences, 15(4), 907-920. https://doi.org/10.22077/escs.2021.4142.1977. (In Persian).

Amiri, R., Nikbakht, A., Rahimmalek, M., & Hosseini, H. (2017). Variation in theessential oil composition, antioxidant capacity, and physiological characteristics of Pelargonium graveolens L. inoculated with two species of mycorrhizal fungi under water deficit conditions. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 58(1), 1-14. DOI 10.1007/s00344-016-9659-1

Amiryousefi, M., Tadayon, M., R., & Ebrahimi, R. (2020). Effect of biological and chemical fertilizers on some biochemical and yield traits of two quinoa cultivars. Plant Process and Function, 9(36), 299-314. (In Persian).

Arjmand Alavi, M., Hatamzadeh, A., & Ehteshami, S. M. (2014). Effect of bulb inoculation with four species mycorrhizal fungi on quantitative and qualitative yield of two lily species. Iranian Journal of Seed Science and Research, 1(2), 57-65. DOR: 20.1001.1.24763780.1393.1.2.5.7. (In Persian).

Arpanahi, A. A., Feizian, M., Mehdipourian, G., & Khojasteh, D. N. (2020). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation improve essential oil and physiological parameters and nutritional values of Thymus daenensis celak and Thymus vulgaris L. under normal and drought stress conditions. European Journal of Soil Biology, 100, 103217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2020.103217

Asif, M., Saleem, M., Saadullah, M., Yaseen, H. S., & Al-Zarzour, R. (2020). COVID-19 and therapy with essential oils having antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. Inflammo Pharmacology, 28(5), 1153-1161. DOI: 10.1007/s10787-020-00744-0

Askary, M., Behdani, M. A., Parsa, S., Mahmoodi, S., & Jamialahmadi, M. (2018). Water stress and manure application affect the quantity and quality of essential oil of Thymus daenensis and Thymus vulgaris. Industrial Crops and Products, 111, 336-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.09.056

Azimi, R., Jangju, M., & Asghari, H. (2014). The effect of mycorrhiza inoculation on the initial establishment and morphological characteristics of the thyme medicinal plant in natural conditions. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 11(4), 666-676. (In Persian).

Bako, C., BalAzs, V. L., Kerekes, E., Kocsis, B., Nagy, D. U., Szabo, P., Micalizzi, G., Mondello, L., Krisch, J., PethO, D., & Horváth, G. (2023). Flowering phenophases influence the antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects of Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 23(1), 1-14. DOI:10.1186/s12906-023-03966-1

Binglei, W., Chong, W., Xuelian, L., Rui, X., Mengli, L., Guangxia, X., & Zhiyi, L. (2023). Effects of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improving plant hormones and antioxidant enzymes under simulated acid rain stress. Applied Soil Ecology, 182, 104729. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2022.104729

Bitarafan, N., Gholami, A., Abbas Dokht, H., Baradaran, M., & Khalighi Sigaroodi, F. (2017). Effects of vermicompost and mycorrhizal fungi on growth characteristics, essential oil and yield of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). Journal of Agroecology, 9(1), 102-114. DOI: 10.22067/JAG.V9I1.41414. (In Persian).

Bradford, M. M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram of protein utilizing of protein–day binding. Annual Biochemistry, 72, 248-254.

Chalermsan, Y., & Peerapan, S. (2009). Wood vinegar: By-product from rural charcoal kiln and its role in plant protection. Asian Journal of Food Agriculture, 2, 189-195.

Csongor, B., Viktoria, L. B., Erika, K., Bela, K., David, U. N., Peter, S., Giuseppe, M., Luigi, M., Judit, K., Dora, P., & Gyorgyi, H. (2023). Flowering phenophases influence the antibacterial and anti-biofilm effects of thymus vulgaris L. essential oil. BMC complementary Medicine and Therapies, 23, 168. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-023-03966-1

Fazeli Kakhki, S. F., Eskandari, M., Daneshian, J., & Anahid, S. (2022). The effect of biofertilizers on the chemical composition of sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum L.) in field conditions. Journal of oilseed plants, 3(2), 56-64. (In Persian).

Fouad M. O., Essahibi A., Benhiba, A., & Qaddoury, A. (2014). Effectiveness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the protection of olive plants against oxidative stress induced by drought. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 12, 763-771.

Giovannetti, M., & Mosse, B. (1980) An evaluation of techniques for measuring vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in roots. New Phytologist, 84, 489-500

Goudarzian, A., Pirbalouti, A. G., & Hossaynzadeh, M. (2020). Menthol, balance of menthol/menthone, and essential oil contents of Mentha×Piperita L. under foliar-applied chitosan and inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Journal of Essential Oil-Bearing Plants, 23(5), 1012-1021. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2020.1828177

Grewal, A., Abbey, L., & Gunupuru, L. R. (2018). Production, prospects and potential application of pyroligneous acid in agriculture. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 135, 152-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2018.09.008

Hadi panah, A., Gol Parvar, A. R., Ghasemi Pir Balooyi, A., & Zeinali, H. (2011). Determining the best harvest time to achieve the highest yield and thymol in garden thyme in Isfahan conditions. Journal of Herbal Medicines, 2(1), 23-32.

Haghighi, M., & Sourani, M. (2019). Effect of organic fortified wood vinegar on greenhouse tomato growth in two soil and soilless media. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 20 (2), 211-226. (In Persian).

Ouattara, H. A. A., Bobele, F., Yao, J. C., Amusant, N., & Garnier, B. (2023). Wood vinegars: production processes, properties, and valorization. Forest Products Journal, 73(3), 239-249. https://doi.org/ 10.13073/FPJ-D-23-00021

Ingraffia, R., Amato, G., Frenda, A. S., & Giambalvo, D. (2019). Impacts of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on nutrient uptake, N2 fixation, N transfer, and growth in a wheat/faba bean intercropping system. PloS One, 14(3), e0213672. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213672

Irigoyen, J. J., Emerich, D. W., & Sanchez-Diaz, M. (1992). Water stress induce changes in concentration of proline and total soluble sugar in nodulated alfalfa (Medicgo sativa) plants. Physiologia Plantarum, 84, 55-60.

Jahantigh, T., Raissi, A., & Piri, H. (2024). Investigating the effect of biological fertilizers on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of guar plant (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.) in Iranshahr city. Journal of Crops Improvement, 26(2), 471-485. DOI: 10.22059/jci.2024.353499.2787 (In Persian).

Kapoor, R., Giri, B., & Mukerji, K. G. (2004). Improved growth and essential oil yield and quality in Foeniculum vulgare on mycorrhizal inoculation supplemented with P-fertilizer. Journal of Biological Resource Technology, 93, 307-311.

Karimian, N., Ghorbani Dashtaki, S., Motaghian, H., Iranipour, R., & Khalili Moghadam, B. (2022). Effect of application of biochar and wood vinegar on some chemical and microbiological properties of soil under forage corn cultivation. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, 29(3), 23-44. DOI: 10.22069/JWSC.2023.20460.3575 (In Persian).

Khalvandi, M., Amerian, M., Pirdashti, H., Keramati, S., & Hosseini, J. (2019). Essential oil of peppermint in symbiotic relationship with Piriformospora indica and methyl jasmonate application under saline condition. Industrial Crops and Products, 127, 195-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.10.072

Kormanik, P. P., & McGraw, A. C. (1982). Quantification of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae in plant roots. In Methods and Principles of Mycorrhizal Research (N. C. Schenck, Ed.). American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, 37-45.

Lotfollahi, A., Bolandnazar, S., Aliasgharzad, N., Khoshru, B., & Siami, A. (2021). Effects of inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhiza and mycorrhiza-like fungi on growth and phosphorus uptake of coriander. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 31(1), 87-101. DOI: 10.22034/SAPS.2021.12791. (In Persian).

Mahmoudzadeh, M., Sadaghiani, M. H. R., & Lajayer, H. A. (2015). Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth characteristics and concentration of macronutrients in peppermint (Mentha pipperita L.) under greenhouse conditions. Journal of Soil and Plant Interactions Isfahan University of Technology, 6(24), 155-168. DOI:10.18869/acadpub.ejgcst.6.4.155 (In Persian).

Mohammadi Eshkaftaki, M., & Rejali, F. (2021). Effect of mychorhizal symbiosis on growth properties and colonization of common Almond rootstock at water deficit conditions. Journal of Soil Biology, 9(1), 15-28. DOI: 10.22092/SBJ.2020.343209.197 (In Persian).

Moradi, R., Rezvani Moghaddam, P., Nassiri Mahallati, M., & Nezhadali, A. (2011). Effects of organic and biological fertilizers on fruit yield and essential oil of sweet fennel (Foeniculum vulgar var. Dulce). Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 9(2), 546-553.

Najar, B., Pistelli, L., Ferri, B., Angelini, L. G., & Tavarini, S. (2021). Crop yield and essential oil Ccomposition of two Thymus vulgaris chemotypes along three years of organic cultivation in a hilly area of central Italy. Molecules, 26, 1-18. DOI:10.3390/molecules26165109

Negari, A., Jami Al-Ahmadi, M., & Zamani, G. (2022). Response of Thymus vulgaris L. to coronatine, methyl jasmonate, and cyclodextrin at different levels of moisture supply under greenhouse conditions. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 37(6), 934-953. https://doi.org/10.22092/ijmapr.2021.355557.3042. (In Persian).

Olson, D., Berry, H. M., Riggs, J. D., Argueso, C. T., & Gomez, S. K. (2022). Phytohormone profile of medicago in response to mycorrhizal fungi, aphids, and gibberellic acid. Plants, 11(6), 720. DOI: 10.3390/plants11060720

Ozdemir, S., & Turp, G. A. (2022). The impact of the pyroligneous acid-assisted biomass ash vermicompost on dry beans through climatic and agroecosystem changes. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 25, 490-500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10163-022-01556-w

Paquin, R., & Lechasseur, P. (1979). Observations sur une methode dosage de la proline libre dans les extraits de plantes. Canadian Journal of Botany, 57(18), 1851-1854.

Pouryousef, M., Mazaheri, D., Yousefi, A., Rahimi, A., & Tavakoli, A. (2014). Evaluation of grain qualitative traits of Isabgol (Plantago ovata Forsk.) under limited irrigation regimes and different fertilizing treatments. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 30(3), 414-424. (In Persian).

Ratti, N., Kumar, S., Verma, H. N., & Gautam, S. P. (2001). Improvement in bioavailability of tricalcium phosphate to Cymbopogon martinii var. motia by rhizobacteria, AMF and Azospirillum inoculation. Microbiological Research, 156, 145-149.

Razaq, M., Zhang, P., Shen, H., & Salahuddin, A. (2017). Influence of nitrogen and phosphorous on the growth and root morphology of Acer mono. PloS One, 12(2), e0171321. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171321

Rostami, R., Esmaielpour, B., Hosseini, S., Salimi, G., & Etminan, A. (2022). Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizae on growth, biochemical characteristics, and essential oil yield of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) under lead heavy metal stress. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 38(1), 114-132. DOI:10.22092/ijmapr.2022.352729.2904 (In Persian).

Safari Motlagh, M. R., Kaviani, B., & Ansari, M. H. (2021). Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus species on some growth and biochemical traits and nutrients uptake in the rooting of cutting of olive cultivars. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 34(2), 481-493. (In Persian).

Simma, B., Polthanee, A., & Goggi, A. S. (2017). Wood vinegar seed priming improves yield and suppresses weeds in dryland directseeding rice under rainfed production. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 37(56), 1-9. DOI:10.1007/s13593-017-0466-2

Sun, H., Feng, Y., Xue, L., Mandal, S., Wang, H., Shi, W., & Yang, L. (2020). Response of ammonia volatilization from rice paddy soil to application of wood vinegar alone or combined with biochar. Chemosphere, 242, 125247. DOI:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125247

Sun, R. T., Zhang, Z. Z., Zhou, N., Srivastava, A., Kuča, K., Abd-allah, E. F., Hashem, A., & Wu, Q. S. (2021). A review of the interaction of medicinal plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizosphere. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 49(3), 12454. DOI:10.15835/nbha49312454

Tagawa, A., Ehara, M., Ito, Y., Araki, T., Ozaki, Y., & Shishido, Y. (2022). Effects of CO₂ enrichment on yield, photosynthetic rate, translocation and distribution of photoassimilates in strawberry ‘Sagahonoka’. Agronomy, 12(2), 473. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020473

Taheri asghari, M. (2022). Effect of mycorrhizal fungi symbiosis and foliar application of amino acids on some growth traits and pot marigold oil (Calendula officinallis L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research, 20(1), 93-103. DOI: 10.22067/JCESC.2021.72735.1092. (In Persian).

Taheri Asghari, M., & Miralizadeh Fard, S. R. (2024). The Effects of foliar application of humic acid and symbiosis with mycorrhiza fungi species on the morphological and phytochemical characteristics of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). Journal of Crops Improvement, 26(2), 423-438. DOI: 10.22059/jci.2024.364586.2843 (In Persian).

Tohidi, B., Rahimmalek, M., & Trindade, H. (2019). Review on essential oil, extracts composition, molecular and phytochemical properties of Thymus species in Iran. Industrial Crops and Products, 134, 89-99. DOI:10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.02.038

Tombesi, S., Cincera, I., Frioni, T., Ughini, V., Gatti, M., Palliotti, A., & Poni, S. (2019). Relationship among night temperature, carbohydrate translocation and inhibition of grapevine leaf photosynthesis. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 157, 293-298. DOI:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2018.10.023

Travero, J., & Mihara, M. (2015). Impacts of pyroligneous acid to biological and chemical properties of depleted soil in Bohol, Philippines. International Journal of Environmental and Rural Development, 6(1), 132-137.

Vannini, A., Fedeli, R., Guarnieri, M., & Loppi, S. (2022) Foliar application of wood distillate alleviates ozone-induced damage in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Toxics, 10, 178. https:// doi. org/ 10. 3390/ toxic s1004 0178

Wang, Y., Qiu, L., Song, Q., Wang, S., Wang, Y., & Ge, Y. (2019). Root proteomics reveals the effects of wood vinegar on wheat growth and subsequent tolerance to drought stress. International Journal of Molecular Science, 20(4), 943.

Wani, A. R., Yadav, K., Khursheed, A., & Rather, M. A. (2020). An updated and comprehensive review of the antiviral potential of essential oils and their chemical constituents with special focus on their mechanism of action against various influenza and coronaviruses. Microbial Pathogenesis, 152, 104620. DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104620

Weisanny, W., Raei, Y., Zehtab-Salmasi, S., & Sohrabi, Y. (2016). Effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi on yield and yield components of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and dill (Anethum graveolens L.) in mono and intercropping system. Journal of Agricultural Science and Sustainable Production, 26(3), 1-19. (In Persian).

Yamato, M., Okimori, Y., Wibowo, I. F., Anshori, S., & Ogawa, M. (2006). Effect of the application of charred bark of Acacia mangium on the yield of mize, Cowpea and peanut and soil chemical properties in south Sumatra indonesia.  Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 52(4), 489-495.

Zahedi, Hossein, and Sharqi, Yunus (2018). The effect of some organic soil fertilizers on yield and yield components of barley. Crop Ecology Quarterly, 15(3), 23-34. (In Persian).

Zaidi, A., & Khan, M. S. (2006). Co-inoculation effects of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms and Glomus fasciculatum on green gram-bradyrhizobium symbiosis. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestery, 30, 223-230.

Zamani, F., Amirnia, R., Rezaei-chiyaneh, E., & Rahimi, A. (2019). The effect of bacterial bio-fertilizers and mycorrhizal fungi on seed yield and chemical composition of essential oil of three fennel landrace. Journal of Crops Improvement, 20(4), 831-848. (In Persian).

Zhao, Y., Cartabia, A., Lalaymia, I., & Declerck, S. (2022). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and production of secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. Mycorrhiza, 32, 221-256.

Zhu, K., Gu, S., Liu, J., Luo, T., Khan, Z., Zhang, K., & Hu, L. (2021). Wood vinegar as a complex growthregulator promotes the growth, yield, and quality of rapeseed. Agronomy, 11, 510.

Zolfaghari, M., Nazeri, V., Sefidkon, F., & Rejali, F. (2015). The effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant growth and essential oil content of Ocimum basilicim L.. Plant Productions, 37(4), 47-56. (In Persian).