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«نگرانیهای مشترک بشری»: از پدیداری تا تکامل در حقوق بینالملل محیط زیست | ||
فصلنامه مطالعات حقوق عمومی دانشگاه تهران | ||
مقاله 10، دوره 48، شماره 2، تیر 1397، صفحه 399-418 اصل مقاله (945.38 K) | ||
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jplsq.2018.219967.1391 | ||
نویسندگان | ||
شیما عرب اسدی* 1؛ امیرحسین رنجبریان2 | ||
1استادیار دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه مازندران، مازندران، ایران | ||
2دانشیار، گروه حقوق عمومی و بینالملل، دانشکدۀ حقوق و علوم سیاسی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران | ||
چکیده | ||
مفهوم «نگرانیهای مشترک بشری» از دهۀ 1990 میلادی در حوزۀ حقوق بینالملل محیط زیست پدیدار شد و هدف از طرح آن یافتن راهی برای رویارویی با مشکلات زیستمحیطی جهانی و همچنین پاسخگویی به اختلافات برخاسته از مفهوم «میراث مشترک بشریت» میان دولتها بود. سپس این مفهوم از زمینههای اصلی خود همچون تنوع زیستی و تغییر اقلیم، فراتر رفت و مصداقهای دیگری از اینگونه نگرانیهای مشترک مطرح شدند. در این نوشتار، ضمن شناخت ابعاد و عناصر نگرانیهای مشترک بشری، جایگاه این مفهوم در حقوق بینالملل، بهویژه در کالبد اصول اساسی حقوق بینالملل محیط زیست و تعهدات جامعۀ بینالمللی در کل بررسی میشود. | ||
کلیدواژهها | ||
جامعۀ بینالمللی؛ منافع مشترک؛ میراث مشترک بشریت؛ محیط زیست جهانی؛ نگرانیهای مشترک بشری؛ همکاریهای بینالمللی | ||
عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
“Common Concerns of Humankind”: From the Emergence to Evolution in International Environmental Law | ||
نویسندگان [English] | ||
Shima Arab Asadi1؛ Amir Hossein Ranjbarian2 | ||
1Assistant Prof., Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran | ||
2Associate Prof., Department of Public and International Law, Faculty of Law and Political Science, Tehran, Iran | ||
چکیده [English] | ||
The concept of “Common Concerns of Humankind” has emerged in the context of international environmental law in the 1990s. It was set forth in order to find a way to deal with global environmental challenges as well as to address disputes arising between States over the concept of “Common Heritage of Humanity”. Then, the concept went beyond its original contexts, namely biodiversity and climate change, and led to other instances of common concerns to be discussed. In this article, while recognizing the scope and elements of Common Concerns of Humankind, the position of this concept in international law, especially in the framework of the basic principles of international environmental law and the erga omnes obligations, will be examined. | ||
کلیدواژهها [English] | ||
International Community, Common Interests, Common Heritage of Mankind, Global Environment, Common Concerns of Humankind, international cooperation | ||
مراجع | ||
1. فارسیالف) کتابها
ب) مقالات2. انگلیسیA) BooksB) Articles10.Brunnee, Jutta (2012). “The Global Climate Regime: Wither Common Concern?” in: Holger P. Hestermeyer et.al (eds.) Coexistence, Cooperation and Solidarity , Liber Ami corum for Rüdiger Wolfrum, Vol I, Martinus Nijhoff.
11.Chavarro, Jimena Murillo (2013). "Common Concern of Humankind ans Its Implicationa in International Environmental Law", Macquarie Journal of International and Comparative Environmrntal Law, Vol 5.
12.Cottier, Thomas; Aerni, Philipp; Karapinar, Baris; Matteotti, Sofya; de Sépibus, Joëlle and Shingal, Anirudh (2014). “The Principle of Common Concern and Climate Change”, NCCR Trade Working Paper No 2014/18.
14.Horn, Laura (2007). “Globalization, Sustainable Development and the Common Concern of Humankind”, Macquarie Law Journal, Vol 7.
http://www.un.org/depts/los/biodiversity/prepcom_files/BowlingPiersonandRatte_Common_Concern.pdf (last Accesed: 25 January 2017)
15. Kirgis, Frederic L. (1990). “Standing to Challenge Human Endeavours that Could Change the Climate”, AJIL 84.
16.Kiss, Alexandre (2003). “Economic Globalization and the Common Concern of Humanity” in Alexandre Kiss, Dinah Shelton, and Kanami Ishibashi (eds), Economic Globalization and Compliance with International Environmental Agreements, Kluwer Law International.
17. Lodge, W. Michael (2012). “The Common Heritage of Mankind”, the International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 27.
18.Shelton, Dinah (2003). “The Impact of Economic Globalization on Compliance”, in Alexandre Kiss, Dinah Shelton and Kanami Ishibashi (eds), Economic Globalization and Compliance with International Environmental Agreements, Kluwer Law International.
19.Shelton, Dinah (2009). “Common Concern of Humanity”, Iustum Aequum Salutare, V.1.
20.Simma, Bruno (1994). “From Bilateralism to Community Interest in International Law”, Recueil des Cours (RdC250).
21.Stec, Stephen (2010). “Humanitarian Limits to Sovereignty: Common Concern and Common Heritage Approaches to Natural Resources and Environment”, International Community Law Review 12.
22.Timoshenko, Alexandre (1991). “International Legal and Institutional Framework for Global Climate Change” in Toru Iwama (ed), Policies and Laws on Global Warming: International and Comparative Analysis.
23.Tolba, Mostafa K. (1991). "The Implication of the Common Concern of Mankind Concept on Global Environmental Issues” Note to the Group of Legal Experts Meeting of UNEP, Malta, December 13-15, 1990, Revista Instituto Interamericano de Derechos Humanos (Revista IIDH), vol.13.
24.Trindade, Antônio Augusto Cançado (1992). “The Contribution of International Human Rights Law to Environmental Protection, with Special Reference to Global Environmental Change Law” in Edith Brown Weiss (ed), Environmental Change and International Law: New Challenges and Dimensions.
25.Trindade, Antônio Augusto Cançado and Attard, David Joseph (1990). “Report of the Proceedings of the Meeting” in D J Attard (ed), The Meeting of theGroup of Legal Experts to Examine the Concept of the Common Concern of Mankind in Relation to GlobalEnvironmental Issues.
26.Villalpando, Santiago (2010). “the legal dimension of the international community: how community interests are protected in international law”, The European Journal of International Law, Vol.21, no. 2, EJIL.
27.Werksman, Jacob (1995). “Consolidating Governance of the Global Commons: Insights from the Global Environment Facility”, Yearbook ofInternational Environmental Law.
C) Documents and Cases
10. Paris Agreement, twenty-first session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, C.N.63.2016.TREATIES-XXVII.7.d, (12 December 2015).
11.Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) [Agenda 21], UN Doc A/CONF.151/26 (1992).
12.Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), vol I, ch 1, annex I, ‘RioDeclaration on Environment and Development’ [RioDeclaration], UN Doc A/CONF.151/26 (1992), 31 ILM 874, (1992).
13.Report of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, UN Doc E/73/II.A/14 (1972), 11 ILM 1416, 1419 (1972).
14.United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 31 I.L.M. 849, 851(9 May 1992).
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