پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 158 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 6,230 |
| تعداد مقالات | 67,764 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 115,175,454 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 89,924,048 |
تبیین عوامل مؤثر بر شکلگیری امنیت سکونت در سکونتگاههای خودرو؛ مطالعه موردی: منطقه کلانشهری تهران | ||
| نشریه هنرهای زیبا: معماری و شهرسازی | ||
| دوره 25، شماره 3، آذر 1399، صفحه 8-18 اصل مقاله (18.92 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jfaup.2019.268040.672146 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| اسفندیار زبردست* 1؛ محمد مهدی عزیزی2؛ بهمن احمدی3 | ||
| 1استاد دانشکده شهرسازی، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران | ||
| 2استاد دانشکده شهرسازی، پردیس هنرهای زیبا، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. | ||
| 3دانشجوی دکتری شهرسازی، دانشکده شهرسازی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران | ||
| چکیده | ||
| امنیت سکونت یکی از چالشهای اساسی در سکونتگاههای خودرو است؛ بطوری که از دیدگاه سازمان اسکان بشر، ناامنی سکونت به عنوان چرخه فلاکت و شاخص محرومیت در این نواحی یاد میشود. با توجه به جایگاه امنیت سکونت در ارتقای سکونتگاههای خودرو، میتوان این پرسش را مطرح نمود که "چه معیارهایی بر شکلگیری امنیت سکونت در سکونتگاههای خودرو تأثیرگذار میباشند؟". در راستای پاسخ به پرسش فوق، دیدگاهی دو سطحی از امنیت سکونت پیشنهاد شده که مطابق آن، ادراک امنیت سکونت به طور همزمان از طریق مؤلفههای قانونی، عرفی و جمعی صورت میگیرد. روششناسی پژوهش حاضر بر مبنای روش علی-تحلیلی بوده و از ابزارهای پیمایش و پرسشنامه، و تکنیکهای تحلیل عاملی و معادلات ساختاری به منظور سنجش کارایی الگوی پیشنهادی در سکونتگاههای خودرو منطقه کلانشهری تهران استفاده شده است. نتایج تحقیق گویای آن است که الگوی تدوین شده دارای برازش قابل قبولی بوده و حدود 90 درصد از واریانس امنیت سکونت در سطح اطمینان 99.9 درصد توسط مدل توضیح داده شده است. بررسی میزان تأثیرات مؤلفهها بر ادراک امنیت سکونت نشان میدهد که معیارهای وجود شبکههای حمایتی (با ضریب 0.947)، انسجام و همبستگی اجتماعی (با ضریب 0.753) و نوع تصرف و سند مالکیت (با ضریب 0.650) بیشترین تأثیر را بر امنیت سکونت داشتهاند. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| امنیت سکونت؛ سکونتگاههای خودرو؛ منطقه کلانشهری تهران؛ تکنیک معادلات ساختاری | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Explaining the Factors Affecting Tenure Security in Spontaneous Settlements; Case Study: Tehran Metropolitan Area | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Esfandiar Zebardast1؛ Mohammad Mehdi Azizi2؛ Bahman Ahmadi3 | ||
| 1Professor, School of Urban Planning, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran.Tehran, Iran. | ||
| 2Professor, School of Urban Plannig, College of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. | ||
| 3Ph.D. student of Urban Planning, Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| The concept of tenure security in spontaneous settlements is largely linked to the right to live for the inhabitants of these areas and is defined as living in a place without fear of losing it. In other words, tenure security is the right of all individuals and groups to have adequate support against forced eviction. The fact is that securing shelter is a basic and necessary principle for improving the living conditions of the poor that are living in these settlements. Also, it is the best way to reduce poverty and considered as the first step in reducing the vulnerability and constraints facing urban poor. Now this question arises that what factors affect the formation of tenure security in spontaneous settlements. The purpose of this study is to explain the factors affecting the formation of tenure security in Tehran Metropolitan Area. For this purpose, based on theoretical foundations, including important theories and significant researches in association with framework of mentioned objective, a two-level approach to explain the tenure security has been proposed. According to this approach, the merging and combining of factors that create security tenure in legal, de facto, and social dimensions in minds of individuals, make them perceive security. In order to measure the aforementioned model, which was determined by 13 criteria and 48 indicators, the settlements of Eslam-Abad, Khat-e Chahar-e Hesar, Hesar-e Amir, Emamzadeh Ali and Mian-Abad (located in Tehran's metropolitan area) were selected as case studies. The research method of this study is causal-analytic and used the survey include administration and completion of 473 questionnaires which to gather the required information. In order to measure the performance of the proposed model, the techniques of confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling in the AMOS software have been used. The results of research indicate that the model fit is acceptable and about 90% of the security of tenure variance at the 99.9% confidence level is explained by the model. The effect of criteria on the perception of tenure security indicates that the existence of supportive networks (with coefficient of 0.947), cohesion and social solidarity (with coefficient of 0.753), and the criterion of the type of possession and ownership document (with coefficient of 0.650) had the greatest impact on tenure security. Altogether, the legal, de facto, and social dimensions of tenure security, with effect of 15.4, 61.3 and 23.3 percent, have been able to influence the perception of residents security status. According to the findings of this research, it can be said that establishment of any attitude, drawing of vision regarding the tenure security and, at the same time, planning and action to improve it in spontaneous settlements due to simultaneous attention to legal, de facto, social and perceived tenure security will be possible. Accordingly, the promotion of tenure security should be part of interconnected actions such as: respect for the right to live, strengthening of support networks, promotion of local capital, creation of employment opportunities, provision of vital infrastructure, local and urban services, provision of social services and appropriate legal options to meet the needs of residents. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Tenure Security, Spontaneous Settlements, Tehran Metropolitan Area, Structural Equation Modeling | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
احمدی، بهمن؛ امینزاده، بهناز (1395)، تحلیل اثرات پایداری اجتماعی بر میزان ادراک امنیت تصرف در سکونتگاههای غیررسمی، مطالعه موردی: محله کشتارگاه شهر ارومیه، فصلنامه مطالعات شهری، شماره 20، صص. 42-29. داداشپور، هاشم؛ علیزاده، بهرام (1389)، رابطه بین امنیت تصرف و کیفیت مسکن در سکونتگاه غیررسمی اسلامآباد شهر تهران، نشریه هویت شهر، شماره 7، صص. 42-31. طبیبیان، منوچهر؛ احمدی، بهمن (1394)، تحلیلی بر رابطه میان دسترسی به خدمات شهری و میزان امنیت سکونت ادراکی در سکونتگاههای غیررسمی؛ بررسی موردی: محله کشتارگاه شهر ارومیه، نشریه نامه معماری و شهرسازی، شماره 14، صص. 58-41. علیمحمدی، عباس (1388)، طرح تهیه و تدوین برنامه آمایش استان تهران، معاونت برنامهریزی استانداری تهران، تهران. مشکینی، ابوالفضل؛ صادقی، یدالله و اکبری، محمد (1392)، امنیت سکونت کلید ساماندهی سکونتگاههای غیررسمی؛ مورد مطالعه: حوزه کلانشهرهای تهران و کرج، فصلنامه جغرافیا و برنامهریزی محلی، شماره 50، صص. 222-211. مهندسین مشاور آریان راود (1387)، طرح ساماندهی سکونتگاههای غیررسمی اسلامشهر و اقدامات توانمندسازی اجتماعات آنها با تأکید بر بهسازی شهری ، شرکت مادر تخصصی عمران و بهسازی شهری ایران، تهران. مهندسین مشاور پرداراز (1388)، طرح ساماندهی سکونتگاههای غیررسمی شهر کرج و اقدامات توانمندسازی اجتماعات آنها با تأکید بر بهسازی شهری، شرکت مادر تخصصی عمران و بهسازی شهری ایران، تهران. مهندسین مشاور شارستان (1391)، تهیه برنامه ساماندهی سکونتگاههای غیررسمی شهر ورامین و اقدامات توانمندسازی اجتماعات آنها با تأکید بر بهسازی شهری، شرکت مادر تخصصی عمران و بهسازی شهری ایران، تهران. مهندسین مشاور طرح و معماری (1394)، تهیه برنامه ساماندهی سکونتگاههای غیررسمی شهر پاکدشت و اقدامات توانمندسازی اجتماعات آنها با تأکید بر بهسازی شهری، شرکت مادر تخصصی عمران و بهسازی شهری ایران، تهران. مهندسین مشاور عرصه (1395)، تهیه برنامه ساماندهی سکونتگاههای غیررسمی شهر تهران و اقدامات توانمندسازی اجتماعات آنها با تأکید بر بهسازی شهری، شرکت مادر تخصصی عمران و بهسازی شهری ایران، تهران. Angel, S., Brown, D., Dimitrova, D., Orozco, V., Smith, L., & Ernesto, V. (2006), Secure Tenure in Latin America and the Caribbean: Regularization of Informal Urban Settlements in Peru, Mexico and Brazil, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, New Jersey.
Banerjee, B. (2004), Maximizing the Impact of Tenure and Infrastructure Programmes on Housing Condition: the Case of Slums in Indian Cities, Paper Presented at the International Conference on Adequate and Affordable Housing for All, Research, Policy and Practice, Toronto.
Bapat, M. (2012). How has Market-Based Slum Redevelopment Worked for the Poor?: The Case of Pune, India. Bangkok: Asian Coalition for Housing Rights.
Bouquet, E. (2009), State-Led Land Reform and Local Institutional Change: Land Title, Land Markets and Tenure Security in Mexican Communities, World Development, Vol.37, No.8, pp. 1390-1399.
Broegaard, R.B. (2005), Land Tenure Insecurity and Inequality in Nicaragua, Development and Change, Vol.36, pp. 845-864.
Broegaard, R.B., Vongvisouk, T., & Mertz, O. (2016), Contradictory Land Use Plans and Policies in Laos: Tenure Security and the Threat of Exclusion, World Development, Vol.89, pp. 170-183.
Budds, J., Teixeira, P. (2005), Ensuring the Right to the City: Pro-Poor Housing, Urban Development and Tenure Legalization in Sao Paulo Brazil, Environment & Urbanization, Vol.17, pp. 89-113.
Calderon, J.A. (2013), Land Tenure and Self-Improvement of Two Latin American Informal Settlements in Puerto Rico and Venezuela, Urban Forum, Vol. 24, pp. 49-64.
De Soto, H. (2000), The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Failed Everywhere Else, Basic Books, New York.
De Souza, F.A.M. (2001), Perceived Security of Land Tenure in Recife Brazil, Habitat International, Vol.25, pp. 175-190.
De Souza, F.A.M. (2004), Security of Land Tenure Revised: the Case of CRRU in Recife and Porto Alegre Brazil, Habitat International, Vol.28, pp. 231-244.
De Vries, W., & Lewis, J. (2009). Are Urban Land Tenure Regulation in Namibia the Solution or the Problem?, Land Use Policy, Vol.26, pp. 1116-1127.
Deutsch, R. (2006), Beneficiary Assessment of Land Title Recipients under the Land Management and Administration Project, Prepared for the Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning and Construction, Phnom Penh.
Durand-Lasserve, A. (2006), Informal Settlements and the Millennium Development Goals: Global Policy Debates on Property Ownership and Security of Tenure, Global Urban Development, Vol.2, pp. 1–15.
Durand-Lasserve, A., & Selod, H. (2009), The Formalization of Urban Land Tenure in Developing Countries. In S. V Lall, & R. Rajack (Eds.), Urban Land Markets: Improving Land Management for Successful Urbanization (pp. 101-132). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.
Garau, P. (2005), A Home in the City: Task Force on Improving the Lives of Slum Dwellers, Earthscan, London.
Gulyani, S., & Bassett, E.M. (2010), the Living Condition Diamond: An Analytical and Theoretical Framework for Understanding Slums, Environmental and Planning A, Vol.42, pp. 2201-2219.
Holden, S., Deininger, K., & Ghebru, H. (2007), Impact of Land Certification on Land Rental Market Participation in Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia, Norwegian University of Life Science, Aas.
Kim, A. (2004), a Market without the ‘Right’ Property Rights, Economics of Transition, Vol.12, pp. 275-305.
Kiddle, G.L. (2011), Informal Settlers, Perceived Security of Tenure and Housing Consolidation; Case Study from Urban Fiji, a Thesis Submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Ph.D. in Geography, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.
Kundu, A. (2004), Provision of Tenurial Security for the Urban Poor in Delhi: Recent Trends and Future Perspectives, Habitat International, Vol.28, pp. 259–274.
Lanjouw, J. O., & Levy, P. I. (2002), Untitled: A Study of Formal and Informal Property Rights in Urban Ecuador, the Economic Journal, Vol.112, pp. 986–1019.
Mitchell, T. (2006), The Properties of Markets: Informal Housing and Capitalism’s Mystery, Working Paper No 2, Cultural, Political Economy Working Paper Series, Institutes for Advanced Studies in Social and Management Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster.
Nakamura, S. (2016), Dose Slum Formalization without Title Provision Stimulate Housing Improvement? A Case of Slum Declaration in Pune, India, Urban Studies, Vol.12, pp. 35-45.
Nakamura, S. (2016), Revealing Invisible Rules in Slums: the Nexus between Perceived Tenure Security and Housing Investment, Habitat International, Vol.53, pp. 151-162.
Nakamura, S. (2017), Tenure Security Premium in Informal Housing Markets: A Spatial Hedonic Analysis, World Development, Vol.89, pp. 184-198.
Nyametso, J.K. (2012), Resettlement of Slum Dwellers, Land Tenure Security and Improved Housing, Living and Environmental Conditions at Madina Estate, Accra, Ghana, Urban Forum, Vol. 23, pp. 343-365.
Ma, X., Heerink, N., Feng, S., & Shi, X. (2015), Land Tenure in China: Comparing Legal, Actual and Perceived Security, Land Use Policy, Vol.42, pp. 293-306.
Otto, J.M. (2009), Rule of Law Promotion, Land Tenure and Poverty Alleviation: Questioning the Assumptions of Hernando De Soto, Rule of Law, Vol.1, pp. 173-195.
Patel, B., Joshi, R., Ballaney, S. & Nohn, M. (2011), Slum Planning Schemes: A Statutory Framework for Establishing Secure Tenure and Improving Living Conditions in Indian Slums, Environment and Urbanization ASIA, Vol. 2, pp. 45-75.
Patel, K. (2013), The Value of Secure Tenure: Ethnographic Accounts of How Tenure Security is Understood and Realized by Residents of Low-Income Settlements in Durban South Africa, Urban Forum, Vol. 24, pp. 269-287.
Patel, K. (2016), Encountering the State through Legal Tenure Security: Perspectives from a Low Income Resettlement Scheme in Urban India, Land Use and Policy, 58, pp. 102-113.
Payne, G. (2001), Urban Land Tenure Policy Options: Titles or Rights?, Habitat International, Vol.25, pp. 415-429.
Payne, G. (2002), Land, Right and Innovation: Improving Tenure Security for the Urban Poor, Intermediate Technology Publishing, London.
Payne, G. (2004), Land Tenure and Property Rights: an Introduction, Habitat International, Vol.28, pp. 167-179.
Payne, G. & Khemro B.H. (2004), Improving Tenure Security for the Urban Poor in Phnom Penh, Cambodia: An Analytical Case Study, Habitat International, Vol.28, pp. 181-201.
Payne, G., Durand-Lasserve, A. & Rakodi, C. (2009), the Limits of Land Titling and Home Ownership, Environment & Urbanization, Vol. 21, pp. 443-462.
Porio, E. & Crisol, C. (2004), Property Rights, Security of Tenure and Urban Poor in Metro Manila, Habitat International, Vol.28, pp. 203-219.
Rakodi, C. & Lloyd-Jones, T. (2002), Urban Livelihoods: A People-Centered Approach to Reducing Poverty, Earthscan, London.
Reelink, G., & Van Gelder, J.L. (2010), Land Titling, Perceived Tenure Security, and Housing Consolidation in the Kampongs of Bandung, Indonesia, Habitat International, Vol.34, pp. 78-85.
Rigon, A. (2016), Collective or Individual Titles? Conflict over Tenure Regularization in a Kenyan Informal Settlement, Urban Studies, Vol. 53, pp. 2758-2778.
Roy, A. (2005), Urban Informality: Toward an Epistemology of Planning, American Planning Association, Vol.71, No.2, pp. 147-158.
Roy, M., Hulme, D. & Jahan, F. (2013), Contrasting Adaptation Responses by Squatter and Low-Income Tenants in Khulna Bangladesh, Environmental & Urbanization, Vol. 25, pp. 157-176.
Shrestha, B.K. (2013), Squatter Settlement in the Kathmandu Valley: Looking Through the Prism of Land Rights and Tenure Security, Urban Forum, Vol. 24, pp. 119-135.
Smith, R.E. (2004), Land Tenure, Fixed Investment and Farm Productivity: Evidence from Zambia’s Southern Province, World Development, Vol.32, No.10, pp. 1641-1661.
UN-Habitat (2003), The Challenge of Slums, UN-habitat, Nairobi.
UN-Habitat (2005), Land Tenure, Housing Rights and Gender, Nation and Urban Framework: Mexico, UN-habitat, Nairobi.
UN-Habitat (2008), Secure Land Rights for All, UN-habitat, Nairobi.
UN-Habitat (2012), State of World’s Cities 2012/2013. Prosperity of Cities, UN-habitat, Nairobi.
Van Gelder, J.L. (2007), Feeling and Thinking: Quantifying the Relationship between Perceived Tenure Security and Housing Improvement in an Informal Neighborhood in Buenos Aires, Habitat International, Vol.31, pp. 219-231.
Van Gelder, J.L. (2009), Legal Tenure Security, Perceived Tenure Security and Housing Improvement in Buenos Aires: An Attempt towards Integration, Urban and Regional Research, Vol.33, No.1, 126-146.
Van Gelder, J.L. (2010), What Tenure Security? The Case for a Tripartite View, Land Use Policy, Vol.27, pp. 449-456.
Van Gelder, J. L. (2013). Then I'll Huff, and I'll Puff, and I'll...: A Natural Experiment on Property Titling, Housing Improvement and the Psychology of Tenure Security, Urban and Regional Research, Vol.37(2), pp. 734-749.
Van Gelder, J. L. & Luciano, E. (2015), Tenure Security as a Predictor of Housing in Low-Income Settlements: Testing Tripartite Model, Environmental and Planning A, Vol. 47, pp. 485-500.
Winayanti, L., & Lang, H.C. (2004), Provision of Urban Services in an Informal Settlement: A Case Study of Kampung Penas Tanggul, Jakarta, Habitat International, Vol.28, pp. 41-65.
| ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 1,004 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 1,326 |
||