پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 158 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 6,225 |
| تعداد مقالات | 67,685 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 114,995,674 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 89,667,292 |
جایگاه بریتانیا در روند امنیتی‌سازی نفوذ فدراسیون روسیه در اروپای شرقی- مرکزی (مطالعۀ موردی: لهستان) | ||
| مطالعات اوراسیای مرکزی | ||
| دوره 14، شماره 2، اسفند 1400، صفحه 101-125 اصل مقاله (384.28 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jcep.2022.305488.449940 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| محمد داوند* 1؛ محسن اسلامی2 | ||
| 1استادیار، گروه معارف اسلامی، ، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد کرمان | ||
| 2دانشیار، روابط بین‌الملل، دانشکدۀ علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس | ||
| چکیده | ||
| در سال‌های اخیر، نفوذ راهبردی روسیه در منطقۀ اروپای شرقی- مرکزی سبب دگرگونی در اولویت‌های سیاست خارجی بریتانیا و گذار از انزواگرایی به برون‌گرایی شده است. افزایش تحرک‌های نظامی روسیه در شرق اروپا، آشوب در اوستیای جنوبی و آبخازیا، پیوسته‌سازی شبه‌جزیرۀ کریمه به روسیه و مانند آن، برخلاف قواعد و ارزش‌های حاکم بر سیاست خارجی بریتانیا است، بنابراین سد نفوذ در برابر روسیه در منطقه، راهبردی است. لهستان یکی از کشورهای این منطقه است که می‌تواند از نظر ژئوپلیتیک (نزدیکی به روسیه) نقشی به‌طور کامل بازدارنده در برابر نفوذ روسیه داشته باشد. هدف در این نوشتار، تحلیل تدابیر بریتانیا علیه روسیه در شرق و مرکز اروپا به‌ویژه در لهستان است. به‌تبع آن این پرسش مطرح است که بریتانیا چگونه در پی جلوگیری از نفوذ بیش از پیش روسیه در لهستان است؟ در پاسخ این فرضیه مطرح است که راهبرد اصلی انگلستان در شرق اروپا به‌ویژه لهستان مقابله با نفوذ روسیه با امنیتی‌سازی راهبرد این کشور در منطقه است. بریتانیا با بهانهجستن از ضعف نظامی و دفاعی لهستان و با دگرنمایی سیاست خارجی روسیه، راهبرد این کشور در شرق و مرکز اروپا را امنیتی کرده است. به بیانی بهتر، بریتانیا با ابزارهایی مانند دیپلماسی، رسانه‌ها و پژوهشکده‌های پژوهشی، ایجاد ترس کاذب در منطقه را نهادینه و راهبردهای روسیه در مجموعۀ امنیتی شرق اروپا را تهدید وجودی براورد می‌کند. روش این نوشتار کیفی است. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| اروپای شرقی‌مرکزی؛ امنیتی‌سازی؛ بریتانیا؛ روسیه؛ لهستان؛ مجموعۀ امنیتی | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Britain's Role in the Securitization of Russia's Influence in Central and Eastern Europe (Case Study: Poland) | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Mohammad Davand1؛ Mohsen Eslami2 | ||
| 1Assistant Professor, Department of Islamic knowledge, Azad University | ||
| 2Associate Professor, International Relations Department, Faculty of Humanities, University of Tarbiat Modares | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Introduction: In recent years, Russia's strategic influence in the Central-Eastern European region has led to a shift in British foreign policy priorities (transition from isolationism to extraversion). Britain believes that "the increase in Russian military movements in Eastern Europe", "the annexation of South Ossetia and Abkhazia", "the annexation of the Crimean Peninsula to Russia, etc. are contrary to the rules and values of the existing order in international politics. Therefore, the barrier of influence against Russia in the region is strategic. Poland is one of the countries in this area that, geopolitically (close to Russia), can play an utterly deterrent role to the Russian influence. Therefore, the primary purpose of the present study is to analyze British measures against Russia in Eastern and Central Europe, especially in Poland. Research Question: Consequently, the question arises as to how Britain seeks to prevent Russian influence in Poland? Research Hypothesis: The paper's hypothesis is based on the premise that Britain's main strategy in Eastern Europe, especially in Poland, is the securitization of Russia's influence in the country. Due to Eastern European countries' military and defense weaknesses, Britain distorts Russia's foreign policy d. In other words, Britain, with its tools such as diplomacy, the media, and research institutes, is demonstrating Russia's strategy as an existential threat to the security system in Eastern Europe. The method of the present research is analytical and argumentative. The Methodology and Theoretical Framework: The present research method is qualitative. Data analysis will also be based on securitization theory. Results and discussion: Britain attributes the German invasion of Poland and the evolution of communism to the fact that their enemy (Britain and Poland) has been the same throughout contemporary history (ie, Germany and the Soviet Union). Consequently, Poland considers Russia its most important enemy in recent years. This common assumption between Poland and Britain has led Poland to see Russia as a threat to its values and independence and to equate the United States and Britain with its strategic allies. That is why the memorandum of understanding between the two countries mentions the two countries' cooperation in World War II and Britain's efforts to transition to democratization in Poland. These cases are referred to as common historical points between the two countries. On the other hand, Britain has blurred the line between "Polish" and "British" by accepting more than one million Polish workers in its own country. Today, Poles see the UK as a friendly country with better economic incomes than other European countries. So if the Polish government is given the power to choose between Russia and Britain to align its foreign policy orientations, it will undoubtedly be Britain; because Poland's foreign policy will be built in interaction with the country's economic interests with Britain. Britain is trying to make Russia a common enemy in its relations with Poland, so labels such as aggressor, enemy, hostile, etc. are given to Russia. Britain does this through three channels: First, Britain insinuates to Poland that Russia is NATO's number one enemy and that NATO is Poland's main guarantor of security. Second, Britain brings Poland and the United States into international alliances against Russia (a country that violates international order and security). Conclusion: Britain is well aware that the Polish elite is strongly dependent on the United States for security and defense. Therefore, from the British point of view, the precondition for US defense and security assistance to Poland is its opposition to Russia's strategy in the region. Third, Britain has given itself and its allies the Role to play in countering Russia as a common enemy in the region and changing Russia's values and norms in the direction of the value foundations of allied countries. In this sense, Poland is one of these countries and the confrontation with Russia is considered legitimate for it. Since the annexation of Crimea by Russia, Western European countries, especially Britain, along with the United States, have sought to increase their security and defense cooperation with Central Europe (mainly Poland) and Eastern Europe. In some ways, this has strategic implications for NATO's influential countries; First, Britain and the United States have made the fight against Russia more acceptable by intensifying their military presence in those countries. Indeed, Russia's actions in the Ukraine conflict have provided an opportunity for Britain and the United States to secure Russian action in the region. This has given NATO leaders the power to impose heavy sanctions on Russia in 2014. This situation helps to stabilize the region in two ways. First, Russia sees the Ukraine conflict as a strategic victory and balances its position in Eastern Europe to avoid less possible damage from NATO. As long as Moscow has repeatedly stated that it is deeply concerned about the permanent presence of NATO on its borders, it considers it a hostile act. On the other hand, economic sanctions imposed on Russia by NATO member states could deter and stabilize Eastern and Central Europe. Another consequence of the presence of British troops and the intensification of US military programs in Eastern Europe could lead to instability, contrary to the above assumption. Russia has proved that it is acting only in the face of developments in Eastern Europe, disrupting all NATO calculations. Aside from the Crimean Peninsula, South Ossetia is an example of this hypothesis. Although Russia and a limited number of countries in the world have recognized the independence of this region, the majority of states do not recognize the independence of South Ossetia from Georgia. Russia's intervention in Georgia was only on the pretext of defending Russian citizens in the region. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Britain, Central and Eastern Europe, Poland, Russia, Security, Security Complex | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Abdullah Khani, Ali (2006), “Study and Critique of Securitization”, Strategic Studies Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 3, pp. 511-492 [in Persian]. Available at: http://quarterly.risstudies.org/article_970_83468770 cdf47534f75e904157c7c4db.pdf Asgarian, Abbas and Farhad Vakili (2014), “Multilateral Sanctions Regime: An Analysis of the Mechanism of Sanctions Imposed on Russia”, Central Asia and the Caucasus Studies, No. 86, pp. 111-134 [in Persian]. Available at: http://ca.ipisjournals.ir/article_14425_ c22f7bc89bd66af63f35923d7d687989.pdf Bieńczyk-Missala, Agnieszka (2016), “Poland’s Foreign and Security Policy Main Directions”, Revista UNISCI / UNISCI Journal, No. 40, pp. 101-118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5209/rev_RUNI.2016.n40.51808 Bocka, B., J. Jocic, A. Petrovics and R. Tsanov (2007), “Security Threats and Responses in Central Europe”, Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), Washington, D.C. https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/legacy_files/files/media/csis/pubs/ceereportfile.pdf (Accessed on: 27/07/2021). Hon, Rt, Burt, Alistair and Naumkin, Vitaly (2021), “The UK and Russia in the Middle East: Dialogue is Vital”, RUSI, https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/uk-and-russia-middle-east-dialogue-vital-build-mutual-understanding, pdf (Accessed on: 24/08/2021). Buzan, B., B. G. Buzan, O. W’ver, O. Waever and O. W. B. Buzan (2003), Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security (No. 91), Cambridge University Press. “Eastern Europe Regional Security System: Place and Engagement of Ukraine” (2017), Konrad Adenauer Stiftung, Center for Global Studies, Available at: https://www.kas.de/documents/252038/253252/ 7_dokument_dok_pdf_50743_1.pdf/5fddfc8c-406e-77cb-1b29-1570fee3d977?version=1.0&t=1539648293850, (Accessed on: 15/02/2020). Ebrahimi, Nabiollah (2014), “A Comparative Study of the Concept of Security in the Late Security Schools”, Quarterly Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 7-30 [in Persian]. Available at: http://quarterly.risstudies.org/ article_11559_5b8d9b0752eba3840b52b42980d62fa4.pdf Ebrahimifar, Tahereh and Seyed Ali Monavari (2015), “Rethinking Security Institutions from the Perspective of International Relations Theories”, Quarterly Journal of International Relations Studies, Vol. 8, No. 31, pp. 9-40 [in Persian]. Available at: http://journals.iau.ir/article_519163_ a460178db285497df925b53f1cff7f1e.pdf Emmott, Robin and Sabine Siebold (2016), “NATO Agrees to Reinforce Eastern Poland, Baltic States against Russia”, Reuters, Jul. 8, Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nato-summit/nato-agrees-to-reinforce-eastern-poland-baltic-states-against-russia-idUSKCN0ZN2NL, (Accessed on: 11/12/2020). Geremek, Bronisław (2006), “Britain and Poland: the Neglected Friendship”, Polski Instytut Spraw Międzynarodowych, Available at: https://www.pism.pl/index/? id=82161242827b703e6acf9c726942a1e4, (Accessed on: 09/08/2020). Hansen, L. and H. Nissenbaum (2009), “Digital Disaster, Cyber Security, and the Copenhagen School”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 53, No. 4, pp. 1155-1175. Available at: https://nissenbaum.tech.cornell. edu/papers/Digital% 20Disaster.pdf Hawkins, Oliver and Anna Moses (2016), “Polish Population of the United Kingdom”, Commons Library Briefing, Available at: file:///C:/Users/ CENTRAL2015/Downloads/CBP-7660.pdf, (Accessed on: 04/08/2020). Kacprzyk, Artur (2015), “U.S. Military Presence in Central and Eastern Europe: Consequences for NATO Strategic Adaptation, Deterrence and Allied Solidarity”, Polish Institute of International Affairs, Available at: https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/193644/US-Military-Presence-in-Central-and-Eastern-Europe.pdf, (Accessed on: 15/10/2020). Keohane, Daniel, (2016), “Is Britain Back? The 2015 UK Defense Review”, CSS Analyses in Security Policy, N0. 185, pp, 1-4. Available at: https://css.ethz.ch/ content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/pdfs/CSSAnalysen-185-EN.pdf Kovalev, I. (2020). “British-Russian Relations at the Present Stage (2000–2020)”. Mirovaia Ekonomika i Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniia, 64(4), 26-36. DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2020-64-4-26-36 Larrabee, Stephen F. and Others (2017), “Russia and the West after the Ukrainian Crisis”, Published by the RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/content/ dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1300/ RR1305/RAND_RR1305.pdf (Accessed on: 07/10/2020). Lerski, H. (1996), Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945. ABC-CLIO. https://products.abc-clio.com/abc-cliocorporate/product.aspx?pc=B4285C (Accessed on: 21/05/2019). Longhurst, K. A. and M. Zaborowski (2007), The New Atlanticist: Poland’s Foreign and Security Policy Priorities, Blackwell Publishing. Mauldin, John (2016), “Here’s How Much Europe Depends On The UK”, Jul. 10, Available at: https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnmauldin/2016/07/ 10/heres-how-much-europe-depends-on-the-uk/#73e311632187, (Accessed on: 19/02/2020). Monaghan, Andrew, (2011), “UK-Russia Relations: a Bad Case of Mutual Misunderstanding”, The Foreign Policy Center, https://fpc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/1320.pdf (Accessed on: 14/04/2021). National Security Strategy of the Republic of Poland, (2014), Bronisław Komorowski, President of the Republic of Poland, Approved the National Security Strategy of the Republic of Poland on 5th November 2014 upon application of Prime Minister. https://www.bbn.gov.pl/ftp/ dok/NSS_RP.pdf (Accessed on: 04/12/2020). “NATO Enlargement: Strategic Impact on Poland’s Security” (2004), CSC, Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98), Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18, Available at: http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a491879.pdf, (Accessed on: 07/11/2019). Niblett, R. (2015), “Britain, Europe and the World: Rethinking the UK’s Circles of Influence”, Chatham House Research Paper. https://www.chathamhouse.org/ 2015/10/britain-europe-and-world-rethinking-uks-circles-influence (Accessed on: 22/03/2020). Nougayrede, Natalie (2015), “Poland’s Warning to Europe: Russia’s Aggression in Ukraine Changes Everything”, The Guardian, Apr. 10, Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/apr/ 10/poland-warning-europe-russia-aggression-ukraine-smolensk-plane-crash, (Accessed on: 15/10/2020). Onyszkiewicz, Janusz (2017), “Brexit and its Impact on British-Polish Relations”, Jun. 29, European Leadership Network, Available at: http://www.europeanleadershipnetwork.org/brexit-and-its-impact-on-british-polish-relations_4896.html, (Accessed on: 08/07/2020). “Poland PM and Theresa May Discuss Teaching Polish in UK Schools” (2016), The Guardian, November 28, Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/ nov/28/poland-pm-beata-szydlo-theresa-may-teaching-polish-uk-schools, (Accessed on: 24/06/2020). “Polish-British Economic Relations” (2014), Ministry of Treasury Republic of Poland, Economic News, Available at: https://www.msp.gov.pl/en/polish-economy/economic-news/5506,Polish-British-economic-relations.html, (Accessed on: 22/05/2020). Renaux, Antoine (2015), “Ukrainian Crisis: Poland Prepares for the Worst”, Le Journal International, May 10, Available at: http://lejournalinternational.fr/ Ukrainian-crisis-Poland-prepares-for-the-worst_a2737.html, (Accessed on: 18/03/2020). Robinson, Tim (2017), Anglo –Polish Relations”, July 14, Available at: file:///C:/Users/CENTRAL2015/Downloads/CDP-2017-0144.pdf, (Accessed on: 19/12/2020). Rosati, Dariusz (2016), “Poland-UK Relations after Brexit: Suggested Priorities for Negotiations”, VOX CEPR’s Policy Portal, December 19, Available at: http://voxeu.org/article/poland-uk-relations-after-brexit, (Accessed on: 17/08/2020). “Russia: Implications for UK Defense and Security” (2017), House of Commons, Report, together with Formal Minutes Relating to the Report, Available at: https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201617/cmselect/ cmdfence/107/107.pdf, (Accessed on: 14/07/2020). Sabbaghian, Ali and Alireza Samoudi (2014), “EU Sanctions against Russia; Reasons, Dimensions and Consequences”, Central Asia and the Caucasus Studies, Vol. 20, No. 86, pp. 83-109 [in Persian]. Available at: http://ca.ipisjournals.ir/article_14424_19344ed5c209740b0fc1c143449908fc.pdf Saeedabadi, Mohammad Reza and Fatemeh Mahroogh (2013), “China’s National Security Strategy: Continuity and Change in Security and De-Security”, Quarterly Journal of International Relations Research, Vol. 1, No. 9, pp. 111-147 [in Persian]. Available at: http://iisajournals.ir/article_41935_967a6de65342c8080243a2e2f5c5b480.pdf Shea, Jamie (2020), “The UK and European Defence: Will NATO be Enough?”, The Foreign Policy Center, Available at: https://fpc.org.uk/ the-uk-and-european-defence-will-nato-be-enough/, (Accessed on: 09/03/2021). “UK Deploys Hundreds of Troops and Aircraft to Eastern Europe” “UK to Permanently Station 1,000 Military Personnel in Poland “UK Troops to Take on Nato Duties in Poland and Estonia” (2016), BBC, July 8, Available at: http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-36739781, (Accessed on: 05/10/2020). “UK-Poland Intergovernmental Consultations: Joint Communiqué” (2016), Gov.UK, Nov. 28, Policy Paper, Available at: https://www.gov.uk/ government/publications/uk-poland-intergovernmental-consultations-28-november-2016-joint-communique/uk-poland-intergovernmental-consultations-joint-communique, (Accessed on: 08/04/2020). “Uk-Poland Quadriga 2016 Joint Communiqué” (2016), Embassy of the Republic of Poland in London, Available at: http://londyn.msz.gov.pl/ en/news/ uk_poland_quadriga_2016_joint_communique, (Accessed on: 08/07/2020). Глинский-Васильев, Дмитрий (2003), “Расширение НАТО на Восток как Проблема Российской и Европейской Безопасности”, Available at: http://viperson.ru/articles/rasshirenie-nato-na-vostok-kak-problema-rossiyskoy-i-evropeyskoy-bezopasnosti, (Accessed on: 14/08/2020). Маджумдар, Дейв (2016), “Военные Козыри НАТО Против России”, Available at: https://russian.rt.com/inotv/2016-02-04/National-Interest-Voennie-koziri-NATO, (Accessed on: 18/08/2020). | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 433 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 337 |
||