پیوندهای مفید
اخبار و اعلانات
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 158 |
| تعداد شماره‌ها | 6,230 |
| تعداد مقالات | 67,766 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 115,209,465 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 89,957,595 |
ابتکار جاده ابریشم و امنیت انرژی چین در غرب آسیا | ||
| مطالعات اوراسیای مرکزی | ||
| دوره 15، شماره 1، شهریور 1401، صفحه 1-25 اصل مقاله (443.3 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jcep.2022.325939.450012 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| قاسم ترابی* 1؛ علی کاوه2 | ||
| 1دانشیار روابط بین‌الملل، دانشکدة علوم انسانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد همدان | ||
| 2دانشجوی دکتری روابط بین‌الملل، دانشکدة علوم انسانی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد همدان | ||
| چکیده | ||
| بررسی هدف‌های ابتکار جادۀ ابریشم در حوزۀ انرژی در منطقۀ غرب آسیا هدف این نوشتار است. از این‌رو، پرسش این است که چین با ابتکار جادۀ ابریشم چه هدف‌هایی را در غرب آسیا دنبال میکند؟ در پاسخ این فرضیه مطرح می‌شود که چین با تلاش برای اجرای ابتکار جادۀ ابریشم، به‌دنبال تأمین امنیت انرژی خود با قراردادها و سرمایه‌گذاری‌های بلندمدت با کشورهای غرب آسیا است. امنیت انرژی متضمن تداوم رشد اقتصادی و ارتقای موقعیت چین در نظام بین‌الملل است. بنابراین، اطمینان از اختلال‌نداشتن در تأمین انرژی، اصلی خدشه‌ناپذیر در پیگیری منافع ملی این کشور محسوب می‌شود. چین به‌عنوان یکی از مهم‌‌ترین کشورهای مصرفکنندۀ انرژی جهان با سازوکارهای ابتکار جادۀ ابریشم، روش‌های متفاوتی مانند سرمایه‌گذاری‌های سنگین در اکتشاف و استخراج میدان‌های نفتی و گازی، تقویت زیرساخت‌های انرژی برای بهبود بهره‌وری و مشارکت گسترده در طرح‌های نفت‌وگاز کشورهای غرب آسیا را در پیش‌گرفته است. یافتههای پژوهش نشان میدهد، چین در قالب کمربند جادۀ ابریشم با سرمایه‌گذاری و امضای قراردادهای بلندمدت انرژی در منطقۀ غرب آسیا، ضمن تقویت حضور و نفوذ فزاینده در منطقه، امنیت انرژی و توسعۀ اقتصادی خود را تضمین کرده است. روش پژوهش این نوشتار، روش کیفی مبتنی بر تحلیل محتوا و مفهوم امنیت انرژی است | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| "ابتکار جاده ابریشم"؛ "امنیت انرژی"؛ "غرب آسیا"؛ "چین"؛ "رشد و توسعه اقتصادی" | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Silk Road Initiative and China Energy Security in West Asia | ||
| نویسندگان [English] | ||
| Ghasem Torabi1؛ Ali Kaveh2 | ||
| 1Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch | ||
| 2Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Political Science, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan Branch | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| Introduction: Given China’s growing economic growth and the need to supply energy to industries, as well as access to the consumer market for domestic production, Xi Jinping in 2013 introduced the Silk Road Initiative as his country’s macro strategy. The Persian Gulf region is the “economic center of gravity” of the oil industry, with the world's largest oil fields, the lowest production and about two-thirds of the world’s proven energy reserves. With the continuation and deepening of China-West Asia relations in the field of energy supply, efforts have been made to expand and strengthen diplomatic relations with West Asian countries in the past. Given the growing debate and competition from regional and trans-regional actors for greater benefits in West Asia, China, with its growing economic growth and the need to provide energy for continued economic and trade power, through its macro-initiative strategy. The Silk Road has put the expansion of its presence and influence in West Asia on the agenda. Research Question: what goals does China pursue in West Asia through the Energy Silk Road Initiative? Research Hypothesis: China seeks to secure its energy through the implementation of the Silk Road Initiative through long-term contracts and investments with West Asian countries. Methodology (and Theoretical Framework if there are): Energy security is a multidimensional concept, and different stakeholders look at it from their own perspectives. Supply, demand, industry and the environment are considered different dimensions of energy security. Today, due to the challenges posed to the threat of energy security to the economic infrastructure of countries, many governments consider self-sufficiency in the field of energy to ensure the continuation of productive economic activities, is inevitable. China, as one of the leading countries in the field of economic growth and development, in order to maintain its economic position, which translates its position in the international system, and considering the emphasis on a multilateral approach in the international system and Replacing the existing order, energy security and non-disruption in its provision has been one of the main axes of foreign policy and inviolable principle in pursuit of national interests, so in this study, the discussion of energy security as one of the main areas of the Silk Road Initiative , Has been considered as a point of reference and a conceptual framework for explaining the goals of the Silk Road Initiative in the field of energy in West Asia. Results and Discussion: Following the implementation of the Silk Road Initiative in 2013, China’s economic relationship with West Asia entered a more serious phase. indicating that West Asia currently has high priorities in China’s geostrategic sphere. In its cooperation with West Asian countries, China intends to focus on three areas: the first and most important area, the energy sector, the second area, facilitating investment in infrastructure and trade, and the third area, progress in nuclear energy, space satellite and New energy. China has various methods to ensure its energy security, such as huge investments in the exploration and extraction of oil and gas fields, strengthening of energy infrastructure to improve energy efficiency, participation in oil projects, it has used gas, electricity, renewable energy, nuclear energy, etc. in West Asia in the form of the Silk Road initiative. It should also be acknowledged that China’s growing influence in the West Asian region through strategies such as the Silk Road Initiative, despite its declared policy, is not just about economics, but also about pursuing political and security interests and providing the basis for expanding influence and hegemony. The periphery is at the heart of the plan. Conclusion: Conflicts and political unrest in the West Asian region are causing panic and disruption in China’s energy supply channels. Its acquisition has shifted to Central Asia's energy resources. It should be noted that despite the fact that Beijing supplies most of its energy resources from West Asia, and continued investment to ensure China's energy security is one of its top foreign policy priorities in West Asia. However, the existing political and security challenges in these countries, the energy transfer route, the US influence in the region, etc. are considered as a threat to China’s energy security. Therefore, within the framework of the Silk Road initiative, Beijing has invested in oil and gas resources of Central Asian countries by concluding long-term contracts and investing in energy infrastructure, as a safety valve and alternative to West Asian energy to benefit. Exercising its economic influence in the region will pave the way for regional hegemony and challenge US unilateralism. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Silk Road Initiative, Energy Security, West Asia, China, Economic Growth, Development | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
Abbasi, Majid and Mohammad Zare (2021), “The Position of the Persian Gulf in China's Approach to Energy Security”, Studies of International Relations Journal, Vol. 14, No. 53, pp. 101 – 127, (doi:20.1001.1.24234974.1399. 13.4.7.3) [in Persian]. Alfazari, Hamdan and Jimmy Teng (2019), “Adoption of One Belt and One Road Initiative by Oman Lessons from the East”, J. Global Business Advancement, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp.145-166, (doi: 10.1504/JGBA.2019.099921). Ahmad Khan, Suhail (2021), “China’s Increasing Influence in the Middle East, E-International Relations, Available at: https://www.e-ir.info/2021/09/20/chinas-increasing-influence-in-the-middle-east/, (Accessed on: 2021/11/23). Ajili, Hadi, Mehdi Salami Zavareh and Mehrdad Fallahi Barzaki (2017), “China Energy Security in the "One Belt-One Road" Project”, International Political Research Quarterly, Vol. 9 No. 33, pp. 63-94, Available at: http://pir.iaush.ac.ir/article_602272.html [in Persian]. Calabrese, John (2021), “Middle East-Asia Pacific Oil Relations: From the Pandemic to Peak Oil”, Middle East Institute, Available at: https://www.mei.edu/ publications/middle-east-asia-pacific-oil-relations-pandemic-peak-oil, (Accessed on: 2021/11/25). Chen, Dongmei (2021), “China’s Belt and Road Initiative: Changing Investment Priorities in Pursuit of Energy Security and Carbon Neutrality”, Oxford Energy Forum, February 2021: No. 126, Available at: https://www.oxfordenergy.org/ wpcms/wp- content/uploads/2021/02/OEF-126.pdf, (Accessed on: 2021/4/12). Eslami, Masoud and Mohsen Gharibi (2018), “New Geo-economics of Energy and Consequences for the World Energy Security”, Foreign Policy Quarterly, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 71-102, Available at: http://fp.ipisjournals.ir/ article_33479.html, [in Persian]. Fulton, Jonathan, Sun, Degang and Naser Al-tamimi (2019), “China’s Great Game in the Middle East”, Europen Council on Foreign Relation, Available at: https://ecfr.eu/publication/china_great_game_middle_east/, (Accessed on: 2021/11/26). Garlick, Jeremy and Radka Havlova (2020), “China’s “Belt and Road” Economic Diplomacy in the Persian Gulf: Strategic Hedging Amidst Saudi– Iranian Regional Rivalry”, Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 82-105, (doi: 10.1177/1868102619898706). Hussain, Fakhar, Mian Saeed Ahmad, Shumaila Rafiq, Umm E-Rubab and Sarfraz Hussain (2021), “China’s Hunt for Fuel Through BRI in the Middle East”, Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 33-40, (doi: 10.18510/hssr.2021.946). Jafari, Zahra (2020), “Energy Transformation Newsletter Emphasis on Global Demand Energy in 2021(5)”, Available at: https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/report/ show/1645170, (Accessed on: 2021/11/20),[in Persian]. Juan, Chen, Shu Meng and Wen Shaobia (2018), “Aligning China’s Belt and Kaveh, Ali, Ghasem Torabi, and Alireza Rezaei (2021a), “China Silk Road Initiative and Hegemony in Central Asia”, Central Eurasia Studies, Vol. 14, No.1, pp. 75-98, (doi: 10.22059/JCEP.2021.314577.449964), [in Persian]. Kaveh, Ali, Ghasem Torabi and Alireza Rezaei (2021b), “Silk Road Initiative and China Energy Security in Central Asia”, Central Asia and Caucasus Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 114, pp. 131-158, (doi:10.22059/jcep.2021.314577. 449964) [in Persian]. Kucukcan, Talip (2017), “The Belt and Road Initiative and Middle Eastern Politics: Challenges Ahead”, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 83-91, (doi:10.25253/ 99.2017193.06). Koç, Engin (2015), “China’s Middle East Energy Policies”, International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 346-354, (doi:10.24289/ijsser.106431). Liangxiang, Jin and Narayanappa Janardhan (2018), “Belt and Road Initiative: Opportunities and Obstacles for the Gulf”, Emirates Diplomatic Academy, Available at: https://www.agda.ac.ae/docs/defaultsource/ Publications/ edainsight_beltandroad_en.pdf?sfvrsn=4, (Accessed on: 2021/11/30). Miller, Russell (2019), “BRI Connect: An Initiative in Numbers”, Refinitiv, https://www.refinitiv.com/content/dam/marketing/en_us/documents/reports/refinitiv-zawya-belt-and-road-initiative-report-2019.pdf, (Accessed on: 2021/11/25). Meidan, Michal (2021), “China’s Emergence as a Powerful Player in the Old and New Geopolitics of Energy”, Oxford Energy Forum, Available at: https://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp content/uploads/2021/02/OEF-126 pdf, (Accessed on: 2021/5/8). Mousavi Shafaei, Massoud (2015), “The Fifth Generation of Chinese Leaders and the Silk Road Economic Belt Initiative”, Quarterly Journal of International Relations Research, Vol. 5, No. 17, pp. 201-222, Available at: http://www.iisajournals.ir/article_41995.html [in Persian]. Mirtorabi, Saeed and Hadi Torki (2019), “China Silk Road Rehabilitation Initiative in Ensuring Energy Security and Export Development”, International Quarterly Journal of International Political Economy Studies, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 207-232, (doi:10.22126/ipes.2019.4106.1135) [in Persian]. Mottaqhi, Ebrahim and Mehdi Davoodi (2021), “An Introduction to Energy Security, National Security and Citizenship Rights (Case Study of Iran)”, Energy Law Studies, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 211-227, (doi:10.22059/JRELS. 2021.292332.323) [in Persian]. Mottaqhi, Afshin (2013), “Recognizing the Dimensions of China's Turn to the Persian Gulf and Security Scenarios Iran”, Afagh-e-Security Quarterly, Vol. 6, No. 21. pp. 129-151, [in Persian]. Nedopil, Christoph (2021a), “China’s Investments in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in 2020”, International Institute of Green Finance, Available at: https://green-bri.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/China-BRI-Investment-Report-2020.pdf, (Accessed on: 2021/5/5). Nedopil, Christoph (2021b), “China Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) Investment Report H1 2021”, International Institute of Green Finance, Available at: https://greenfdc.org/china-belt-and-road-initiative-bri-investment-report-h1-2021/, (Accessed on: 2021/11/26). Öğütçü, Mehmet (2019), “China’s Belt and Road Initiative: How has China’s Energy Security Changed Over the Past Decade?”, Policy Center for the New South, Available at: https://www.policycenter.ma/sites/default/files/PB%20-%2033-19%20%28Mehmet%29.pdf, (Accessed on:2021/5/18). Srivastava, Babita and Quin P. Callahan (2016), “Energy Security: Today and Tomorrow”, Humanities and Social Sciences Reviews (GIAP Journals), Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 59-67, (doi:10.18510/hssr.2016.421). Sarieddine, Toufic (2021), “Middle Kingdom Enters Middle East a World-Systems Analysis of Peripheralization along the Maritime Silk Road Initiative”, Journal of World-Systems Research, (doi:10.5195/JWSR.2021.1027). Salami Zavareh, Mahdi and Mehrdad Fallahi Barzoki (2018), “China’s Energy Security: I.R. Iran and Saudi Arabia’s Role in China’s Energy Diplomacy”, Iranian Economic Review. Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 707-717, (doi:10.22059/ IER.2018.66639). Shirijian, Mohammad and Hamidreza Siraj (2020), “Future of New Energy Research in the World to Analyze and Present Appropriate Strategies for Improving Iran's Energy Security”, Quarterly Journal of Defense Economics, Higher National Defense and Strategic Research Institute, Vol. 5, No. 16, pp. 115-150, (doi:20.1001.1.25382454.1399.5.16.5.1) [in Persian]. Shadrina, Elena (2019), “Renewable Energy in Central Asian Economies: Role in Reducing Regional Energy Insecurity”, Asian Development Bank Institute, No. 993, Available at: https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/ 522901/adbi-wp993.pdf, (Accessed on: 2021/5/18). Taliga, Harri (2021), “Belt and Road Initiative in Central Asia”, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES), Available at: https://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/ belt_and_road_initiative_in_central_asia.pdf, (Accessed on: 2021/5/18). Taheri, Abolghasem and Abdolmajid Seifi (2015), “Energy Security and Regional Security Theory”, Policy Research Quarterly, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 129-151, Available at: http://journals.abru.ac.ir/article_14951.html [in Persian]. U.S. Energy Information Administration, 2021/7/20, Available at: https://www.eia.gov/international/analysis/country/IRN, 2021/11/27. Umbach, Frank (2019), “China’s Belt and Road Initiative and its Energy-Security Dimensions”, S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies (RSIS), Available at: https://hdl.handle.net/10356/81308, (Accessed on: 2021/5/18). Vermouth, Christine (2019), “Report: Russia and China in the Middle East: Implications for the United States in an Era of Strategic Competition”, Center for Presidential Strategic Studies Serial, No. 326, (Accessed on: 2021/12/01). Watanabe, Lisa (2019), “The Middle East and China’s Belt and Road Initiative”, CSS Analyses in Security Policy, No. 254, Available at: https://css.ethz.ch/ content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/pdfs/ CSSAnalyse254-EN.pdf, (Accessed on: 2021/11/23). Xuetang, Guo (2006), “The Energy Security in Central Eurasia the Yazdani, Enayatollah and Mona Abdi (2021), “Belt Initiative - China and the Interests of the Islamic Republic of Iran”, World Politics Quarterly Journal, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 87-130, (doi:10.22124/wp.2021.18822.2756) [in Persian]. | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 585 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 488 |
||