سامانه پشتیبانی خدمات اطلاعات

  اخبار و اعلانات

 آمار

تعداد نشریات158
تعداد شماره‌ها6,230
تعداد مقالات67,764
تعداد مشاهده مقاله115,188,615
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله89,937,208
نیکنامی, رکسانا. (1401). دکترین پاسیکیوی-ککونن و تأثیر آن بر روابط امنیتی فنلاند و فدراسیون روسیه در دوران پساجنگ سرد. , 52(4), 1031-1001. doi: 10.22059/jpq.2023.343081.1007958
رکسانا نیکنامی. "دکترین پاسیکیوی-ککونن و تأثیر آن بر روابط امنیتی فنلاند و فدراسیون روسیه در دوران پساجنگ سرد". , 52, 4, 1401, 1031-1001. doi: 10.22059/jpq.2023.343081.1007958
نیکنامی, رکسانا. (1401). 'دکترین پاسیکیوی-ککونن و تأثیر آن بر روابط امنیتی فنلاند و فدراسیون روسیه در دوران پساجنگ سرد', , 52(4), pp. 1031-1001. doi: 10.22059/jpq.2023.343081.1007958
نیکنامی, رکسانا. دکترین پاسیکیوی-ککونن و تأثیر آن بر روابط امنیتی فنلاند و فدراسیون روسیه در دوران پساجنگ سرد. , 1401; 52(4): 1031-1001. doi: 10.22059/jpq.2023.343081.1007958

دکترین پاسیکیوی-ککونن و تأثیر آن بر روابط امنیتی فنلاند و فدراسیون روسیه در دوران پساجنگ سرد

فصلنامه سیاست
دوره 52، شماره 4، اسفند 1401، صفحه 1031-1001    اصل مقاله (450.03 K)
نوع مقاله: مقاله پژوهشی
شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22059/jpq.2023.343081.1007958
نویسنده
رکسانا نیکنامی*
استادیار گروه مطالعات منطقه ای دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی
چکیده
دکترین ابداعی پاسیکیوی-ککونن از زمان جنگ سرد عامل مهمی در مدیریت روابط فنلاند و روسیه بود. گاه از این دکترین به‌عنوان حامی سیاست بی‌طرفی فنلاند یاد می‌شود، ولی مفهوم دکترین یادشده گسترده‌تر و عمل‌گرایانه‌تر است. پرسشی که مطرح می‌شود این است که دکترین پاسیکیوی-ککونن چگونه بر روابط امنیتی فنلاند با روسیه ‎ در دوران پساجنگ سرد تأثیر گذاشت؟ فرضیه پژوهش بر این اساس است که با وجود گسترش روابط فنلاند و غرب پس از جنگ سرد، دکترین پاسیکیوی-ککونن رویکرد غالب بر جهت‌گیری سیاست خارجی این کشور در برابر روسیه بود و این امر در دو حوزه روابط با اتحادیه اروپا و تعامل با ناتو-امریکا متبلور شد و در عین حال فنلاند ضمن احترام به امنیت ملی روسیه به‌سوی بازدارندگی نظامی نیز حرکت کرد و عضویت در ناتو فاز آخر این فرایند بود. برای بررسی سیاست امنیتی فنلاند در قبال روسیه در قالب دکترین پیش‌گفته و روش ردیابی فرایند، این نتیجه حاصل شد که فنلاند در قالب دکترین ابداعی خود موفق به ایجاد نوع ویژه‌ای از سیاست همسایگی شد تا ضمن تنش‌زدایی با روسیه، تعامل خود با غرب را نیز حفظ کند و حتی روابط گسترده‌ای با ناتو داشته باشد. این سیاست به وجه غالب سیاست خارجی این کشور تبدیل شد؛ حتی مسئله عضویت در ناتو را نیز می‌توان در همین قالب تحلیل کرد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
دکترین پاسیکیوی-ککونن؛ راهبرد نظامی؛ سیاست بی‌طرفی؛ سیاست خارجی روسیه؛ سیاست خارجی فنلاند؛ ناتو
عنوان مقاله [English]
The Paasikivi-Kekkonen Doctrine and Its Impact on Finland-Russian Federation Security Relations in the Post-Cold War Era
نویسندگان [English]
Roxana Niknami
Assistant Professor, Department of Regional Studies, Faculty of Law & Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]
In the context of the resurgence of strategic rivalries between Russia and the West in northern Europe, Finland has the longest border between Russia and the West and is a buffer zone. Finland is formerly a Russian colony and has experienced close ties. In fact, Finland has the closest and most nuanced relationship with Russia. Maintaining good neighborly relations was a lifeline for Finland after the Second World War, and hence it developed a distinctive version of neutrality where it constantly anticipated Russia’s reactions to its foreign— and sometimes internal policy moves. Although the relationship with Russia is fundamentally different now, anticipation of Russia’s reactions is reflected in the Finnish foreign policy style. Furthermore, the level of activity and density of political and economic links between Finland and Russia stand out in a Nordic comparison. Although Russia is Finland's most important security threat, it has never faced Russia in the post-Cold War era and has strangely managed its relations and secured its national interests and security. A key factor in Finland’s current security policy line is the guarantee of credible defense based on military non-alignment, albeit without reference to a policy of neutrality and most often without reference to an attempt to remain neutral in the event of a war. In the "worst case" scenario, in which Finland is attacked, the country would have its independent defense but it would also be able to receive the available outside assistance. This success was due to the Paasikivi-Kekkonen doctrine of the Cold War era. The innovative Pasikkivi-Kekkonen doctrine had been an important factor in the management of Finland-Russia relations since the Cold War. Sometimes, this doctrine is mentioned as a supporter of Finland's neutrality policy, but the concept of this doctrine is broader and more pragmatic. The question to be answered is: How has the Paasikivi-Kekkonen doctrine affected Finland's security relations with Russia in the post-Cold War era? In the hypothesis, it is asserted that despite the expansion of relations between Finland and the West after the Cold War, the Paasikivi-Kekkonen doctrine has been the dominant approach in orienting its foreign policy towards Russia. This approach reflects the two areas of relations with the European Union and interaction with the US-led NATO. In order to examine Finland's security policy towards Russia in the form of the aforementioned doctrine and the method of tracking the process, it was concluded that Finland succeeded in creating a special type of neighborhood policy in the form of its innovative doctrine in order to de-escalate tensions with Russia and maintain its interaction with the West. and even have extensive relations with NATO. This policy became the foreign policy of this country; and even the issue of Finland’s NATO membership can be analyzed in the same way. Given the importance of Russia in Iran's security policy, Finland's strategy can be a way to optimize our country's strategic choices against this actor and is a step towards producing literature on the Nordic and Scandinavian studies. This defense “credibility” aims on the one hand to provide a sufficient threat effect and on the other hand, to allow for a political solution in a hypothetical conflict situation through a combination of Finland’s own defense and possible out-side assistance. At a political and security policy level, this type of military non-alignment allows for nearly everything except NATO membership. Russia’s overall attitude toward Finland’s current military non-alignment is clearly positive. However, from a Russian perspective, slightly controversial or competing interpretations have been made about the nature of Finland’s military non-alignment. With respect to Finland’s current line, the vagueness of the concept is a problem, should Russia in some situation aim to define the contents of military non-alignment and thereby of Finnish politics.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
Finland, Foreign Policy, Military Strategy, NATO, Paasikivi-Kekkonen, Russia
مراجع
الف) فارسی

  1. نیکنامی، رکسانا. (1401) «عوامل اقتصادی موثر برجهت‌گیری سیاست خارجی فنلاند در برابر فدراسیون روسیه،» مطالعات اوراسیای مرکزی، 15، 1: 359-331،
      <DOI:10.22059/jcep.2022.338670.450058>

 ب) انگلیسی 

  1. Ålander, Minna; and Michael (2022, March) “Moscow Threatens the Balance in the High North In Light of Russia’s War in Ukraine, Finland and Sweden Are Moving Closer to NATO,” The German Institute for International and Security Affairs (Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik), SWP Comment 24. Available at: https://www.swpberlin.org/publications/products/comments/ 2022C24_Balance_HighNorth.pdf (Accessed 20 May 2022).
  2. Article 42.7: An Explainer,” (2015, November) The European Council on Foreign Relations (ecfr.eu). Available at: https://ecfr.eu/article/commentary _article_427_an_explainer5019 (Accessed 20 November 2020).
  3. Civil Defence Shelters. (2023, April) SUOMI. Available at: https://www.suomi.fi/services/civil-defence-shelters-the-social-services-health-care-and-rescue-services-division-city-of-helsinki/bd8e4b77-bdf9-4ece-9393-540958a4893c ((Accessed 17 April 2023).
  4. Etzold, Tobias; and Hiski Haukkala. (2013) "Denmark, Finland and Sweden," in Jackie Gower, Hiski Haukkala, and David Maxine, eds. National Perspectives on Russia: European Foreign Policy in the Making. Oxon, UK: Routledge.
  5. “Finland Approved Ninth Military Aid Package to Ukraine,” (2022, October) The German Institute for International and Security Affairs (org). Available at: https://www.swpberlin.org/publications/products/ comments/ 2022C24_Balance_HighNorth.pdf (Accessed 9 November 2022).
  6. “Finland Army,” (2022, January) Military Periscope. Available at: https://www.militaryperiscope.com/armedforces/non-aligned-europe/finland/army (Accessed18 January 2022).
  7. "Finland, a Land of Solutions: Strategic Program of the Finnish Government,” (2015, May) Prime Minister Office (valtioneuvosto.fi). Available at: https://valtioneuvosto.fi/documents/10184/1427398/Hallitusohjelma_27052015_final_EN.pdf/f1071fae-a933-4871-bb38-97bdfd324ee6 (Accessed 18 January 2022).
  8. "Finns' Opinions on Foreign and Security Policy, Defence and Security," (2021, March) The Ministry of Defence (urn.fi). Available at: http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-663-376-6 (Accessed 17 November 2021).
  9. "Finns' Opinions on Foreign and Security Policy,Defence and Security Issues," (2021, March) Ministry of Defence (fi). Available at: https://www.defmin.fi/files/5275/Finns_opinions_on_foreign_and_security_policy_national_defence_and_security_2021.pdf (Accessed 7 May 2021).

11. Galeotti, Mark. (2019, September) "Living in Different Worlds: the European Union and Russian Political War," Marshall Center (org). Available at: https://www.marshallcenter.org/en/publications/ security-insights/living-different-worlds-european-union-and-russian-political-war-0 (Accessed 10 May 2021).

12. Gorenburg, Dmitry. (2019, July) "Russian Strategic Decision-Making in a Nordic Crisis," Marshall Center (org). Available at: https://www.marshallcenter.org/en/publications/security-insights/russian-strategic-decision-making-nordic-crisis-0 (Accessed 10 May 2021).

13. Gotkowska, Justyna; and Piotr Szymański. (2016) Pro-American Non-Alignment. Sweden and Finland Develop Closer Military Co-operation with the United States. Warsaw: The Centre for Eastern Studies (OSW).

14. "Government`s Defence Report," (2021, September) Ministry of Defence (urn.fi). Available at: http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-383-852-9 (Accessed 10 October 2021).

15."Governmental Report on Finnish Foreign and Security Policy," (2016, September) Prime Minister`s Office (valtioneuvosto.fi). Available at: https://valtioneuvosto.fi/documents/10616/1986338/VNKJ092016+en.pdf/b33c3703-29f4-4cce-a910-b05e32b676b9 (Accessed 14 May 2022).

16. Helineva, Joaquim. (2019) Non-Allied Finland: Peace and Stability in Northern Europe. A PhD Dissertation, Tallin: University of Technology, Estonia.

17."Integrated Country Strategy Finland," (2021, April) US Department of State (gov). Available at: https://www.state.gov/integrated-country-strategies (Accessed May 14, 2022).

18.Iso-Markku, Tumas; Eve Innoa, and Teija Tiilikainen. (2018) A Stronger North? Nordic Cooperation in Foreign and Security Policy in a New Security Environment. Helsinki: Governmental Analysis, Assessment, and Research Activities. Available at: https://sldinfo.com/wp-content/ uploads/ 2018/05/ nordic-vnteas-report_final.pdf (Accessed 15 June 2021).

19. Jakobson, Max. (2006) Finland: A Lone Wolf. Otava: Otava Publishing.

20. Kotoulas, Ioannis; and Wolfgang Pusztai. (2022) Geopolitics of the War in Ukraine. Athens, Greece: Foreign Affairs Institute. Available at: https://www.aies.at/download/2022/Geopolitics-of-the-War-in-Ukraine-FINAL.pdf (Accessed 10 November 2022).

21. Kronlund, Anna. (2017) "Debate Over Evolving Partnership Case of Finland," in Jaan Siitonen, eds. Finland, Sweden, and NATO: Did Trump Change Everything? Helsinki: The European Liberal Forum. Available at: https://archive.transatlanticrelations.org/publication/finland-sweden-nato-trump-change-everything/ (Accessed 10 November 2022).

22. Kunz, Barbara. (2018) Northern Europe’s Strategic Challenge from Russia. Paris: The Institut Français des Relations Internationals (IFRI).

23. Kuusisto, Allan A. (1959, March) "The Paasikivi Line in Finland's Foreign Policy," Political Research Quarterly 12, 1: 37-49, .

24. Lanko, Dmitry A.(2021, Summer) "Finlandization, Neutrality, or Kekkoslovakia? Paasikivi–Kekkonen’s Line in Finnish Discourses 30 Years after the End of the Cold War," Journal of International Analytic 12, 3: 139-153, <DOI:10.46272/2587-8476-2021-12-3-139-153>.

25. Maitra, Sumantra. (2022, May) NATO Expansion for Finland and Sweden: A Dangerous and Unnecessary Distraction from US Intrests. Washington: Center for Renewing America. Available at: https://americarenewing.com/issues/nato-expansion-for-finland-and-sweden-a-dangerous-and-unnecessary-distraction-from-us-interests/ (Accessed 10 November 2022).

26.  Mölder, Holger. (2011, June) "The Cooperative Security Dilemma in the Baltic Sea Region," Journal of Baltic Studies 42, 2: 143-168, <DOI:10.1080/01629778.2011.569063>.

27. Ojanen, Hanna. (2008) "Finland and the ESDP: Obliquely Forwards?" in Clive Archer, eds. New Security Issues in Northern Europe: The Nordic and Baltic States and the ESDP. Oxon, UK:

28.Pesu, Matti. (2020)Finnish Foreign Policy During EU Membership: Unlocking the EU`s Security Potential. Helsinki: The Finnish Institute of International Affairs (FIIA). Available at: https://www.fiia.fi/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/ffpp6_finnish-foreign-policy-during-eu-membership_web.pdf (Accessed 10 November 2022).

29. Pesu, Matti. (2017) What Non-Alignment: Finland’s Security and Defence Policy Stems from Partnerships. Helsinki: FIIA. Availabe at: https://www.fiia.fi/julkaisu/finlands-security-and-defence-policy-stems-from-partnerships?read (Accessed 10 November 2022).

30. Pohjanpalo, Kati. (2022, April). "Finland Makes 70% Defense Spending Increase in Shadow of War," Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-05/finland-adds-2-2-billion-defense-spending-in-shadow-of-war (Accessed 20 March 2022).

31. Pyykönen, Juha. (2016) Nordic Partners of NATO: How Similar are Finland and Sweden within NATO Cooperation? Helsinki: The Finnish Institute of International Affairs (FIIA). Available at: https://www.fiia.fi/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/report48_finland_sweden_nato.pdf. (Accessed 20 March 2022).

32. Reise, Thomas. (1988) Cold War: The Defence of Finland. London:

33. Simonyi, Andras. (2017) "Finland, Sweden, and NATO: A Vision from Washington," in Jaan Siitonen, eds. Finland, Sweden, and NATO: Did Trump Change Everything? Helsinki: The European Liberal Forum. https://archive.transatlanticrelations.org/publication/finland-sweden-nato-trump-change-everything/ (Accessed 10 November 2022).

34. Stubb, Alexander. (2008, August) "Foreign Minister Stubb Outlined Challenges of a Turning Point in World Politics,” fi. Available at: https://um.fi/speeches/-/asset_publisher/up7ecZeXFRAS/content/ ulkoministeri-stubb-linjasi-maailmanpolitiikan-kaannekohdan-haasteita (Accessed 17 March 2022)

35. "Survey: Majority of Finns Consider Russia a Significant Military Threat," (2022, March) fi. Available at:https://yle.fi/news/3-12401057 (Accessed 20 March 2022).

36. Szymański, Piotr. (2020) New Ideas for Total Defence: Comprehensive Security in Finland and Estonia. Warsaw: The Centre for Eastern Studies (OSW). Available at: http://aei.pitt.edu/103309/ (Accessed 20 March 2022).

37. Szymański, Piotr. (2018) With Russia Right Across the Border: Finland`s Security Policy. Warsaw: The Centre for Eastern Studies (OSW). Available at: http://aei.pitt.edu/94234/1/with_russia_right_across_the_border_net.pdf (Accessed 20 March 2022).

38. Tkachenko, Stanislav. (2019) Cooperation between Saint-Petersburg and Finland: Some Recommendations for the Policy-Makers. Turku: Centrum Balticum Foundation. Available at: https://www.centrumbalticum.org/ files/ 4154/BSR_Policy_Briefing_1_2019.pdf (Accessed 12 January 2021).

39. Vaahtoranta, Tapani; and Forsberg, Tuomas. (2008) Post-Neutral or Pre-Allied? Finnish and Swedish Policies on the EU and NATO as Security Organisations. Helsinki: The Finnish Institute of International Affairs. Available at: https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/19260/WP29.pdf (Accessed 7 May 2021).

40. Weinge, Mackenzie. (2018, February) "What Finland Can Teach the West About Countering Russia’s Hybrid Threats," World Politics Review. Available at: https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/24178/what-finland-can-teach-the-west-about-countering-russia-s-hybrid-threats (Accessed 15 June 2021).

41. "Yle Poll: Support for NATO Membership Hits Record High," (2022, March) fi. Available at: https://yle.fi/news/3-12357832 (Accessed 20 May 2022).

آمار
تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 466
تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 247


سامانه مدیریت نشریات علمی. قدرت گرفته از سیناوب